Abstract
Cutting raw-material into smaller parts is a fundamental phase of many production processes. These operations originate raw-material waste that can be minimised. These problems have a strong economic and ecological impact and their proper solving is essential to many sectors of the economy, such as the textile, footwear, automotive and shipbuilding industries, to mention only a few. Two-dimensional (2D) nesting problems, in particular, deal with the cutting of irregularly shaped pieces from a set of larger containers, so that either the waste is minimised or the value of the pieces actually cut from the containers is maximised. Despite the real-world practical relevance of these problems, very few approaches have been proposed capable of dealing with concrete characteristics that arise in practice. In this paper, we propose a new general heuristic (H4NP) for all 2D nesting problems with limited-size containers: the Placement problem, the Knapsack problem, the Cutting Stock problem, and the Bin Packing problem. Extensive computational experiments were run on a total of 1100 instances. H4NP obtained equal or better solutions for 73% of the instances for which there were previous results against which to compare, and new benchmarks are proposed.

Abstract
The present paper proposes two hybrid genetic algorithms as decision-making techniques for operational level decisions in the Glass Container Industry (GCI). The proposed methods address a production scenario where one new furnace and the related machines must be added to the current industrial plant. The configurations for each machine connected in a furnace is a decision to be taken, which depends on demand forecasts for glass containers within a time horizon. It is a tactical and operational level decisions that must be efficiently made. A mathematical formulation is first presented to describe precisely the objective and constraints for such problem. The formulation will also allow solving the problem instances by applying an exact method. Next, a hybrid approach combining genetic algorithms with mathematical programming techniques, and a greedy filter heuristic is proposed to solve the same problem instances. The set of instances is generated with data provided by a GCI located in Portugal and Brazil. The results reported indicate that the hybrid genetic algorithms return solutions able to support the operational and tactical decisions.

Abstract
This paper presents an exploratory approach to study and identify the main characteristics of the two-dimensional strip packing problem (2D-SPP). A large number of variables was defined to represent the main problem characteristics, aggregated in six groups, established through qualitative knowledge about the context of the problem. Coefficient correlation are used as a quantitative measure to validate the assignment of variables to groups. A principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensions of each group, taking advantage of the relations between variables from the same group. Our analysis indicates that the problem can be reduced to 19 characteristics, retaining most part of the total variance. These characteristics can be used to fit regression models to estimate the strip height necessary to position all items inside the strip.

Abstract
Optimization problems that are motivated by real-world settings are often complex to solve. Bridging the gap between theory and practice in this field starts by understanding the causes of complexity of each problem and measuring its impact in order to make better decisions on approaches and methods. The Job-Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) is a well-known complex combinatorial problem with several industrial applications. This problem is used to analyse what makes some instances difficult to solve for a commonly used solution approach - Mathematical Integer Programming (MIP) - and to compare the power of an alternative approach: Constraint Programming (CP). The causes of complexity are analysed and compared for both approaches and a measure of MIP complexity is proposed, based on the concept of load per machine. Also, the impact of problem-specific global constraints in CP modelling is analysed, making proof of the industrial practical interest of commercially available CP models for the JSSP.

Abstract
Performance assessment is critical in today's competitive environments, where companies need to establish trade-offs between key competitive dimensions. The complexity of these environments calls for new approaches to performance assessment. Thus, in this work, we propose a novel conceptual framework for performance assessment in manufacturing environments combining different production strategies. Focus is laid on MTO/ETO combined environments and a three-stage problem analysis is considered. Firstly, a hybrid SD-DES-ABS model approach addresses the needs of a system that handles different types of orders, processes and workforce allocation requirements; secondly, the model results for different demand scenarios are assessed using a one-way ANOVA analysis followed by a Tukey - Kramer's test, with pairwise comparisons for assessment of significant performance variations under different system operating policies. A full factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) analysis follows, for determining the relevant process parameters influencing the system performance. As an example of application of the proposed framework, we consider the case of an advanced manufacturing company, whose manufacturing environment encompasses combined MTO/ETO production strategies.

Abstract
This work addresses the lot-sizing and scheduling problem under multistage demand uncertainty. A flexible production system is considered, with the possibility to adjust the size and the schedule of lots in every time period based on a rolling-horizon planning scheme. Computationally intractable multistage stochastic programming models are often employed on this problem. An adaptation strategy to the multistage setting for two-stage programming and robust optimization models is proposed. We also present an approximate heuristic strategy to address the problem more efficiently, relying on multistage stochastic programming and adjustable robust optimization. In order to evaluate each strategy and model proposed, a Monte Carlo simulation experiment under a rolling-horizon scheme is performed. Results show that the strategies are promising in solving large-scale problems: the approximate strategy based on adjustable robust optimization has, on average, 6.72% better performance and is 7.9 times faster than the deterministic model.