Abstract

Abstract
Nowadays, business models play a key role in competitiveness. Each industry has specific needs regarding the customization of their business models. Through a personalized business model, organizations can enjoy a customized mapping of all the business activities. In the machinery industry domain and specifically producers of integrated Products and Services, the need for a customized business model has been growing due to the specifications of the industry. The existing business models do not satisfy the capital goods companies’ needs, therefore a study was conducted to analyze and understand companies’ specifications, the existing supporting business frameworks to further proceed with the creation of a new methodology and framework that supports the businesses of this specific industry.

Abstract
This paper focuses on the drivers, curriculum and Project-Based Learning (PBL) learning strategies applied to the Business Process Modelling course, part of the Master in Services Engineering and Management (MESG), while presenting critical reflections on said course. The curriculum unit aims to develop skills that we consider essential in the analysis, design, management and improvement of processes that support the services provided by an organisation to its customers. Since the creation of the course, the main objective has been to motivate students to look into exploratory approaches to address specific challenges. In this sense, the PBL approaches explored have proved to be quite successful. Students are organised into larger teams and asked to come up with an innovative business idea. Then, they ought to carry out a project focused on the analysis and design of the business processes of the organisation/company, as well as specifying the respective supporting technological elements. The project, carried out as a team, is of medium/high complexity and long duration (throughout the semester). Each team is encouraged to use appropriate digital tools to support the collaborative work, namely, to facilitate information sharing, activity coordination, documentation management and communication. In this paper, we focus on the implementation and evaluation of the PBL practice, as well as on the analysis and consideration of the lecturers and students’ experience. We’ve adopted a cooperative and student-centred teaching and learning strategy since the beginning, in order to provide the right conditions to put into effect the skills of "doing" and "learning", without neglecting “knowledge”. Accordingly, we point out the main challenges, the lessons learned and the future views regarding the PBL practice.

Abstract
The manufacturing industry faces a new revolution, grounded on the intense digitalization of assets and industrial processes and the increasing computation capabilities imposed by the new data-driven digital architectures. This reality has been promoting the Digital Twin concept and its importance in the industrial companies' business models. However, with these new opportunities, also new threads may rise, mainly related to industrial data protection and sovereignty. Therefore, this research paper will demonstrate the International Data Spaces reference model's application to overcome these limitations. Following a pilot study with a Portuguese machine producer/maintainer enterprise, this paper will demonstrate the development of a cutting and bending machine Digital Twin, leveraged on an International Data Spaces infrastructure for interoperability, for the plastic and metal industry and its importance to introduce this machine manufacturing company in a new business-to-business marketplace from the EU project Market 4.0.

Abstract
Recently, we have been observing a significant evolution in products, machines, and manufacturing processes, towards a more digital and interoperable reality. In this sense, the power transformers sector has also been evolving to develop smart transformers for the future, capable of providing the digital capabilities to leverage new services and features that follow its entire life cycle, from the design and manufacturing to the use and dismantling/recycling. In this sense, this paper aims to present and demonstrate how an innovative digital twin platform can be used in a secure and trustable way for the enhancement of the power transformers’ performance and potential lifespan, enabling, at the same time, the promotion of new business models. A real use case is also presented to demonstrate the applicability of Asset Administration Shells (AAS) for power transformer life cycle management, as well as the use of the International Data Spaces (IDS) for the secure and trustable horizontal interoperability along with the different actors of the value chain, from the manufacturers to the power network and maintenance services companies.

Abstract
Organizations can transform their businesses and create more value by adopting Industry 4.0 initiatives. During evaluating these projects, the decision-maker must assess significant uncertainties (risks) resulting from socio-technical, economic, and financial factors. One of the main objectives of this study was to identify the necessary building blocks to develop a framework for project implementation in high-risk scenarios, as in the case of Industry 4.0. A multi-criteria framework divided into three stages was proposed, integrating knowledge from Front-End-Innovation (FEI), Innovation Decision Process (IDP), Traditional Project Evaluation Methods, and Real Options Valuation (ROV). The first step is to identify an investment opportunity. The second step is the definition of a business model. The third step is the simulation of different implementation strategies to give managerial flexibility to decision-makers to decide the best strategy to mitigate risks. A real case study was used to test the framework. According to the results, managers can use this framework to create different project implementation scenarios and determine the best strategy to mitigate risks. However, we must still understand whether uncertainties behave discretely, dynamically, or both, the interactions between elements, and how to calculate them to improve our model. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.