Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract
This paper investigates the contribution of hydrogen electrolysers (HEs) as highly controllable loads in the context of the Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR), in future operation scenarios on the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The research question is whether HEs can mitigate system insecurity regarding frequency or Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) in critical periods of high renewable energy penetration (i.e. low system inertia), due to the fact that these periods will coincide with high volume of green hydrogen production. The proposed simulation platform for analysis consists of a simplified dynamic model developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The results obtained illustrate how HEs can outperform conventional generators on the provision of FCR. It is seen that the reference incident of 1GW loss in the IP in a 2040 low inertia scenario does not lead to insecure values of either frequency or Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF). On the other hand, an instantaneous loss of inverter-based resources (IBR) generation following a short-circuit may result in RoCoF violating security thresholds. The obtained results suggest that the HEs expected to be installed in the IP in 2040 may contribute to reduce RoCoF in this case, although this mitigation may be insufficient. The existing FCR mechanism does not fully exploit the fast-ramping capability of HEs; reducing measurement acquisiton delay would not improve results.

Abstract
The growing digitalisation, grid complexity and the number of digitally connected devices that communicate with systems in the distribution grid are enabling the continuous development of automation and intelligence, acquisition of data from sensors, meters and devices for monitoring and managing the distribution network, to achieve an enhanced, preventive, resilient and flexible network operation philosophy. This study presents a set of use cases towards the demonstration of the benefits of implementing a platform that collects, aggregates and facilitates horizontal integration and data correlation from various sources, enabling these use cases across the distribution grid. The adequacy analysis of current distribution network architecture considered derived requirements on the characterisation of its evolution taking advantage of key digital technologies, towards the implementation of distributed control and management strategies. It is also presented a benefit analysis of implementing a centralised common data and service platform, i.e. an internet of things (IoT) platform, regarding new functionalities and applications.

Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to describe a strategy to deal with the voltage/reactive power problem for a MV distribution network integrating microgrids. The global problem, concerning all voltage levels, is detailed here and will imply the optimization of operating conditions by using the control capabilities of power electronic interfaces from DG sources, OLTCs and microgrids, through the application of an EPSO optimization algorithm.