Abstract
Whether research output significantly impacts on economic growth, and which research areas/fields of science matter the most to improve the economic performance of countries, stand as fundamental endeavors of scientific inquiry. Although the extant literature has analyzed the impact of research output on economic growth both holistically and by field, the impact of academic knowledge as a capital good (hard and social sciences) versus a final good (medical and humanities) has been largely neglected in analyses involving large sets of countries over a broad period of time. Based on a sample of 65 countries over 36 years (1980 to 2016), and employing system GMM dynamic panel data estimations, four main results are worth highlighting: (1) holistic research output positively and significantly impacts on economic growth; (2) both the academic knowledge of scientific areas that most resemble capital goods (physical sciences, engineering and technology, life sciences or social sciences) or final goods (base clinical, pre-clinical and health or arts and humanities) foster economic performance; (3) the global impact of research output is particularly high in the fields of engineering and technology, social sciences, and physics; and (4) the impact of research output on economic growth occurs mainly through structural change processes involving the reallocation of resources towards the industrial sector.

Abstract
Although considerable research has been devoted to the study of the effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth, fewer studies have analyzed the effect of the types (opportunity vs necessity) of entrepreneurship on economic growth. Moreover, the latter set of studies overlooked the relevance of human capital as a mediating factor in the relation between (types of) entrepreneurship and economic growth. The aim of the present study is to fill in this gap by assessing the extent to which the direct and indirect effect of (the types of) entrepreneurship, via human capital, matters for countries' economic growth. In methodological terms, we resort to fixed effects panel data estimations, involving a large set of (OECD and non-OECD) countries, over a relatively long time span (1990-2016). The results suggest total entrepreneurship has a positive effect on economic growth. Distinguishing between types of entrepreneurship, there is clear evidence that OE fosters economic growth, whereas necessity entrepreneurship inhibits it. Interestingly, human capital tends to mitigate the negative effect of necessity entrepreneurship on economic growth. In the case of opportunity entrepreneurship, the direct positive effect observed is reduced in contexts characterized by high levels of human capital, which might reflect increased opportunity costs.

Abstract
This chapter presents an in-depth critical overview of the theoretical and methodological approaches that have been used to assess the impact of Universities on regional competitiveness and development, including short-term/demand-side (economic) perspective and long-term/supply side (endogenous growth, technological transfer and commercialization, and institutional) perspective. It gives special attention to the potential impacts of universities' technology transfer and entrepreneurship activities on regional competitiveness, considering the ongoing transformation process of universities towards a ‘regional engaged entrepreneurial university' model.

Abstract
Research on the relationship between entrepreneurship and context has gained considerable attention in recent years. However, this stream of literature has yet to adequately address the topic of entrepreneurship in rural areas. This chapter intends to fill this gap by investigating the extent to which technological-related factors affect the performance of new ventures located in rural and urban areas. Based on a sample of 408 newly created ventures located in Portuguese business incubators (BIs) and science parks (SPs), and employing logistic estimations, two main conclusions were derived. They are 1) support from BIs/SPs matters the most to the export and global innovation performance of new ventures located in rural areas and 2) support from universities and other higher education institutions, and the regularity of research and development (R&D) collaborations between new ventures and R&D institutions are more relevant to the turnover and innovation performance of new ventures located in urban areas than those in rural areas. © 2021, IGI Global.

Abstract
The literature on 'Sleeping Beauties' (SBs), papers that have been 'asleep' for a certain amount of time and that, suddenly, gain a significant amount of attention, is not very extensive, and has analyzed the phenomenon mainly in the Sciences. The present study seeks to find the SBs and their 'Princes' (first studies citing the SBs that have more citations and more co-citations with the SBs) in the field of International Business (IB). In terms of methodology we resort to a model that involves citation and co-citation analyses applied to a sample of 19419 papers on IB published in journals indexed in Web of Science bibliographic database. Four main findings can be highlighted: 1) SBs are a rare phenomenon in IB as only 8 SBs were found (0.04% of the total papers analyzed); 2) They focused issues related to the process of firm internationalization, international entrepreneurship, global strategies, and performance and risk management; 3) They were published in highly renowned journals, such as Journal of International Business Studies; Journal of Management Studies or Strategic Management Journal; and 4) They slept between 5 and 18 years and were awaked by 22 princes. Differently from what has been stressed in the literature about SBs, most SBs in IB presented more than one 'awakening time' and were composed by 'clusters' of princes instead of a single prince. The study of SBs is a useful and instructive model in studying the mechanisms of scientific information flow through citations. It highlights that the excessive reliance on articles' current citations might prevent the uncovering of studies that are ahead of their time.

Abstract