Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBP) such as trihalomethanes (THM) are formed when chlorine and bromine interact with natural organic materials in chlorine-treated swimming pools. Epidemiological evidence demonstrated an association between exposure to swimming pool environment and adverse health effects. Therefore, this study aimed to assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of long-term exposure of elite swimmers and their coaches. In an Olympic-size indoor chlorinated swimming pool, THM levels were determined in water (21-69 mu g/L), in the boundary layer above the water surface (59-397 mu g/m(3)), and in the air surrounding the pool (28-390 mu g/m(3)). These values were used to predict multi-pathway chronic daily intake (CDI), cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI). Oral and dermal CDI for swimmers were 2.4 x 10(-6) and 2.0 x 10(-8), respectively. The swimmers' inhalation CDI (1.9 x 10(-3) mg/kg/day) was estimated to be sixfold higher than levels obtained for coaches (3.3 x 10(-4) mg/kg/day). According to guidelines, the HI was acceptable, but CR exceeded the recommended limit for both, coaches (CR: 5.5 x 10(-7)-8.5 x 10(-5); HI: 6.5 x 10(-4)-1 x 10(-1)) and swimmers (CR: 1.4 x 10(-5)-3.6 x 10(-4) HI: 1.6 x 10(-2)-4.3 x 10(-1)). Our findings provide further support to the need to develop comprehensive guidelines to safeguard the health of individuals involved in elite swimming.

Abstract

Abstract
In this paper an analytical approach is proposed to solving the Environmental/Economic Dispatch problem (EED). The EED is a multiobjective optimization problem (MOP) that has as objectives to minimize the emissions of pollutants and the total fuel cost of meeting the energy requirements of an electrical power network. The Weighted Sum Method is used for the scalarization of the MOP and therefore to find the whole Pareto front. To solve the obtained quadratic programming problem, the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions were used, based on a theoretical condition that allowed us to obtain solutions by solving a system of lineal equations. This strategy was tested on two systems with different number of generators and characteristics. The obtained results were compared with other previously reported elsewhere, showing some evident advantages of our proposal.

Abstract
An AC arc furnace is an unbalanced, non-linear and time-varying load, which can cause many power quality problems to the electric network inside the plant and in its electrical vicinity. Although different studies addressing harmonics and flicker analyses on arc furnaces can be found in the bibliography, it is very difficult obtain an exact model that considers all the parameters that influence the process, and therefore it is necessary to obtain actual measurements under different conditions. This paper presents measurement results for harmonic distortion, flicker and unbalance obtained over three different measurement campaigns on an iron and steel industry (SNL), as well as the pertinent conclusions. Measurement campaigns were performed on an AC arc furnace of 83 MW (170 TM) with a 120 MVA transformer connected by a ‘dirty’ 220 kV line (55 km) to the Substation of Carregado, where other feeders supply industrial and domestic consumers. Finally, the dynamic behaviour of an SVC will be analysed and compared to that of a STATCOM by means of simulation studies.

Abstract
The main objective of this paper consists in presenting a survey of voltage sags and short interruptions in different places along the geography of Galicia measured throughout two years. Effects and the possible solutions of the voltage sags and short interruptions in one industrial installation, PSA-Vigo, that produce cars, are also addressed. Finally, we will establish the corresponding conclusions.

Abstract
Energy efficiency is the solution for a building to provide a comfortable environment with limited energy consumption. This entry will outline some of the most significant tools an energy manager can resort to when attempting to improve energy efficiency in a building. Tools such as energy audits, energy benchmarking, building automation, building energy simulation, and energy management systems, among others, are presented in a brief and practical way, with particular emphasis on their application to higher education buildings. The main conclusions point out the specificity of these types of buildings, recognize the importance of engaging building users in energy management activities, and suggest such topics could be included in the curricula of courses. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.