Abstract
Recently, multi-carrier energy systems (MCESs) have been rapidly developed as flexible multi-generation systems aiming to satisfy load demands by purchasing, converting, and storing different energy carriers. This study specifically focuses on the optimal and robust large-scale coordination of interconnected energy hubs (IEHs) in an iterative consensus-based procedure considering distribution network losses. Furthermore, a new robustbased hybrid IGDT/consensus algorithm is introduced to achieve risk-averse optimal energy management in IEHs under uncertainty. The fast convergence, needless to collect the total information from all hubs, minimal computational burden, and more robust communication system are the most important features of the proposed distributed consensus algorithm in this study. The effectiveness of the proposed consensus algorithm is verified by simulation results considering various energy trading structures in IEHs at different scales. The obtained results highlight the scalability capability of the proposed method. Regarding an IEHS of 30 energy hubs, the computation burden is lightened by 0.53 (s) and 0.1917 (s), respectively with and without uncertainty. Considering distribution network losses, the total purchasing costs can be increased by 8%. The simulation results also reveal an increase of 11% in the total power trading under the uncertainty.

Abstract
Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) have attracted attention in recent years, promising to outperform single batteries in some applications. This can be in decreasing the total cost of ownership, extending the combined lifetime, having higher versatility in providing multiple services, and reducing the physical hosting location. The sizing of hybrid systems in such a way that proves to optimally replace a single battery is a challenging task. This is particularly true if such a tool is expected to be a practical one, applicable to different inputs and which can provide a range of optimal solutions for decision makers as a support. This article provides exactly that, presenting a technology -independent sizing model for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems. The model introduces a three-step algorithm: the first block employs a clustering of time series using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), to analyze the most recurring pattern. The second block optimizes the battery dispatch using Linear Programming (LP). Lastly, the third block identifies an optimal hybridization area for battery size configuration (H indicator), and offers practical insights for commercial technology selection. The model is applied to a real dataset from an office building to verify the tool and provides viable and non-viable hybridization sizing examples. For validation, the tool was compared to a full optimization approach and results are consistent both for the single battery sizing, as well as for confirming the hybrid combination dimensioning. The optimal solution potential (H) in the example provided is 0.13 and the algorithm takes a total of 30s to run a full year of data. The model is a Pythonbased tool, which is openly accessible on GitHub, to support and encourage further developments and use.

Abstract
Digitalization has begun as a transformative force within the energy sector, reforming traditional practices and paving the way for enhanced operational efficiency and sustainability. Enabled by key technologies such as smart meters, digitalization embodies a paradigm shift in energy management. Nonetheless, it is crucial to recognize that these enabling technologies are only the catalysts and not the end goal. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of digital services and products in the energy sector, with a specific focus on emerging technologies like AI and Connected Data Spaces. The objective of this review paper is to assess the maturity and adoption levels of these digital solutions, seeking to draw insights into the factors influencing their varying levels of success. This maturity and adoption assessment was carried out by applying a Fuzzy logic approach which allowed us to compensate for the lack of detailed information in current literature. By analyzing the reasons behind high maturity-low adoption and vice-versa, this study seeks to cast light on the dynamics shaping the digital transformation of the energy sector.

Abstract
Incorporating renewables in the power grid presents challenges for stability, reliability, and operational efficiency. Integrating energy storage systems (ESSs) offers a solution by managing unpredictable loads, enhancing reliability, and serving the grid. Hybrid storage solutions have gained attention for specific applications, suggesting higher performance in some respects. This article compares the performance of hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) to a single battery, evaluating their energy supply cost and environmental impact through optimization problems. The optimization model is based on a MILP incorporating the energy and degradation terms. It generates an optimized dispatch, minimizing cost or environmental impact of supplying energy to a generic load. Seven technologies are assessed, with an example applied to an industrial site combining a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) and lithium battery considering the demand of a local load (building). The results indicate that efficiency and degradation curves have the highest impact in the final costs and environmental functions on the various storage technologies assessed. For the simulations of the example case, a single system only outperforms the hybrid system in cases where lithium efficiency is higher than approximately 87% and vanadium is lower approximately 82%.

Abstract
System operators (SO) require Converted-Interfaced Renewable Energy Systems (CI-RES) power plants investors to provide demonstrative studies related to different operational performance capabilities and advanced system services provision to the grid. Typically, these studies rely on Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) simulation models for the power converters and CI-RES power plants control units. Such models might be unavailable to the SO due to confidentiality reasons and might present challenges in parametrization due to their complexity. Moreover, compatibility issues between simulation packages used by the SO and those utilized by the independent entity performing the studies creates additional difficulties. Hence, SO demand to power plant investors the proving of equivalent simulation models and resorting preferably to standardized open-source models. This work presents a methodology to derive an equivalent model of a CI-RES power plant using Generic Renewable Energy Models (GREM) in which the parameters identification is performed exploiting an Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) to capture the plant's dynamic behaviour at the Point of Interconnection (POI) in face of a set of reference network disturbances. Considering as Case-Study the integration of a PV-Battery Hybrid power plat into the electrical system of Terceira Island, the results demonstrate successful derivation of GREM parameters allowing the representation of the dynamic behaviour of the power plant in face of network disturbance events. © Energynautics GmbH.

Abstract