Abstract
Wind power generation is to play an important role in supplying electric power demand, and will certainly impact the design of future energy and reserve markets. Operators of wind power plants will consequently develop adequate offering strategies, accounting for the market rules and the operational capabilities of the turbines, e.g., to participate in primary reserve markets. We consider two different offering strategies for joint participation of wind power in energy and primary reserve markets, based on the idea of proportional and constant splitting of potentially available power generation from the turbines. These offering strategies aim at maximizing expected revenues from both market floors using probabilistic forecasts for wind power generation, complemented with estimated regulation costs and penalties for failing to provide primary reserve. A set of numerical examples, as well as a case-study based on real-world data, allows illustrating and discussing the properties of these offering strategies. An important conclusion is that, even though technically possible, it may not always make sense for wind power to aim at providing system services in a market environment. © 2010-2012 IEEE.

Abstract
In this paper, the management of PEVs, uncontrolled or controlled (i.e. aggregated), and their ability to use V2G and G2V technologies are first analysed. The electricity markets are then considered; real world applications are discussed and different market types categorised. The interaction of the PEVs with some renewable energy sources (e.g. solar, wind and biomass) is also examined, and the interaction of the PEVs with demand response programs addressed. Finally, the models of PEVs are categorised and multiple types of modules, the related variables, applied methods and the considered parameters are presented.

Abstract
In this paper, a multi energy system (MES) model incorporating the traffic behavior of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is proposed. It is assumed that in a micro MES two charging options are available for the PEVs: the home charging (HC) stations and the PEV parking lot (PL). The operation of these elements within the micro MES concept is studied. The matrix model of the micro MES is adapted to enable the integration of PL and HC. Moreover, the traffic flow of the PEVs is added to the model as an input to the micro MES. The model is tested for various case studies and possible traffic behavior between the PL and HC. The results show that the presence of these two elements leads to effective integration of reduced system operation costs.

Abstract
This paper proposes an oligopolistic model for a wind power producer (WPP) with a market power to compete with other Gencos and take part in day-ahead, intraday and balancing markets. In order to model the mentioned oligopoly markets from WPP's viewpoint, a bi-level optimization framework is proposed based on multi-agent system and incomplete information game theory. In this context, the WPP participates in the intraday market where demand response resources are incorporated, to update its day-ahead offers. The problem uncertainties, i.e., wind power and market prices, are considered using a multi-stage stochastic programming approach. Because of these uncertainties, a well-known risk measurement, CVaR, is considered for problem optimization. Several numerical studies are accomplished and various aspects of the problem are analyzed. According to the obtained results, the proposed WPP model reveals that the prices of day-ahead and balancing markets could be increased due to the market power of WPP.

Abstract
The electrification of the transportation sector is likely to contribute reducing the global dependency on oil and is expected to drive investments to renewable and intermittent energy sources, by taking advantage of it energy storage capacity. In order to facilitate the EV integration to the grid, and to take advantage of the battery storage and the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scheme, smart charging strategies will be required. However, these strategies rarely consider all relevant costs, such as battery degradation. This work analyses the profitability of bidirectional energy transfer, i.e. the possibility of using aggregated EV batteries as storage for energy which can be injected back to the grid, by considering battery degradation as a cost included in the proposed strategy. A mixed integer linear problem (MILP) for minimizing energy costs and battery ageing costs for EV owners is formulated. The battery degradation due to charging and discharging in the V2G scheme is accounted for in the model used. Two case studies of overnight charging of EVs in Sweden and in Spain are proposed. Results show that given current energy prices and battery costs, V2G is not profitable for EV owners, but if battery prices decrease as expected, the V2G will be present in the medium term. © 2016 IEEE.

Abstract
This paper analyzes the optimal planning and operation of aggregated distributed energy resources (DER) with participation in the electricity market. Aggregators manage their portfolio of resources in order to obtain the maximum benefit from the grid, while participating in the day-ahead wholesale electricity market. The goal of this paper is to propose a model for aggregated DER systems planning, considering its participation in the electricity market and its impact on the market price. The results are the optimal planning and management of DER systems, and the appropriate energy transactions for the aggregator in the wholesale day-ahead market according to the size of its aggregated resources. A price-maker approach based on representing the market competitors with residual demand curves is followed, and the impact on the price is assessed to help in the decision of using price-maker or price-taker approaches depending on the size of the aggregated resources. A deterministic programming problem with two case studies (the average scenario and the most likely scenario from the stochastic ones), and a stochastic one with a case study to account for the market uncertainty are described. For both models, market scenarios have been built from historical data of the Spanish system. The results suggest that when the aggregated resources have enough size to follow a price-maker approach and the uncertainty of the markets is considered in the planning process, the DER systems can achieve up to 50% extra economic benefits, depending on the market share, compared with a non aggregated business-as-usual approach (not implementing DER systems).