Abstract

Abstract
Batteries have been the predominant energy storage system used in electric vehicles. Battery packs have a large number of cells that develop charge, thermal, and capacity imbalances over time, limiting the power, range, and lifetime. Electronic battery management and state of charge (SoC) equalization methods are necessary to mitigate such imbalances. Today, it is possible to find a wide range of battery equalization methods in the literature, but how to decide which of these methods should be applied in practice? This paper compares 24 SoC equalization circuits that are typically found in automotive applications. We employ an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach to rank these equalization circuits according to multiple decision criteria (energy efficiency, equalization speed, implementation and control simplicity, hardware size, and total price). We also prepared a survey to collect design preferences from multiple battery balancing experts from around the world in order to better understand the relative importance of different criteria. The obtained results confirm that automotive engineers continue to favor passive balancing methods because of their low price, small PCB size, and implementation simplicity-despite the energy efficiency benefits of active balancing.

Abstract
The Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) has been widely studied for Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). However, a major drawback of the SRG system adopting the conventional control is the slow response of the DC link voltage controller. In this paper, a Proportional Resonant (PR) control strategy is proposed to control the output voltage of the SRG system to improve the fast response. The SRG model has a high non-linearity, which makes the design of controllers a difficult task. For this reason, the important practical engineering aspect of this work is the role played by the SRG model linearization in testing the sensitivity of the PR controller performance to specific parameter changes. The characteristics of steady-state behaviors of the SRG-based WECS under different control approaches are simulated and compared. The controller is implemented on a digital signal processor (TMS320F28379D). The experimental results are carried out using a 250 W 8/6 SRG prototype to assess the performance of the proposed control compared with the traditional Proportional Integral (PI) control strategy. The experimental results show that the PR control enhances the steady-state performance of the SR power generation system in WECS. Compared to PI control, the rise and settling times are reduced by 45% and 43%, respectively, without an overshoot.

Abstract
Indoor localization systems are an important topic in the field of manufacturing process. A computational infrastructure based on Bluetooth low energy technology with state estimators for filtering is used to localize employees in the shop floor. The researchers' motivation is two-folds: implement an indoor tracking system while promoting manage production time. In this paper, we discuss the first prototype of a localization system adapted to address these goals. Experimental results show that the system for our case study, achieves a localization accuracy of less than three meters. © 2022 IEEE.

Abstract
This work deals with the design and validation of a control strategy for hybrid balancing systems (HBSs), an emerging concept that joins battery equalization and hybridization with supercapacitors (SCs) in the same system. To control this system, we propose a two-layer model predictive control (MPC) framework. The first layer determines the optimal state-of-charge (SoC) reference for the SCs considering long load forecasts and simple pack-level battery models. The second MPC layer tracks this reference and performs charge and temperature equalization, employing more complex module-level battery models and short load forecasts. This division of control tasks into two layers, running at different time scales and model complexities, enables us to reduce computational effort with a small loss of control performance. Experimental validation in a small-scale laboratory prototype demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach in reducing charge, temperature, and stress in the battery pack.

Abstract
Modeling is a key step in the design of energy and control systems. It allows us to simulate and predict the behavior of electronics converters, even before constructing them. This is instrumental, for example, for sizing, component selection and preliminary validation of the converter's functionality. It also enables us to design model-based controllers for the converter and regulate the amount of transferred power, which can be done using simulation tools. This article introduces the main tools employed in the mathematical modeling of power converters, with a particular focus on linear approximations and average models. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.