Abstract
Studies on Small States, 'unattractive' markets, namely those from Africa, are very scarce. Sao Tome and Principe (STP), a Small State, insular economy, has had considerable momentum in attracting FDI in the last decade albeit its geographical and demographic constraints and relative weak economic growth. The current study uncovers the potential determinants of FDI in unattractive markets using STP as a case study. Based on (robust) logistic estimations on a sample of 56 Portuguese companies that have trade relations with African countries, we show that in the case of Small States economies and unattractive markets, the relevance of institutional factors and resource seeking strategies surpass internalisation and location factors related to market size and dynamics. We further uncovered that foreign companies' characteristics, namely size and (general) human capital, are critical in explaining companies' likelihood to invest in an 'unattractive' market.

Abstract
Using time series data for Portugal between 1973 and 2016, this paper examines to what extent, inward FDI contributes to income inequality and poverty in the long-run. It was found that increased flows of inward FDI are associated with a less unequal income distribution and lower poverty rates. The results further suggest that, in the Portuguese case there is mutual causality between inward FDI and poverty in the long run, i.e., FDI significantly reduces poverty, and lower levels of poverty lead to higher inward FDI flows. In the case of inequality, the evidence shows that FDI does not contribute to higher (or lower) income inequality. Instead, more unequal income distributions significantly and negatively impact on inward FDI in the long run. Finally, human capital emerged as a key determinant to mitigate income inequality and circumvent poverty, contributing, indirectly, to fostering additional FDI inflows. Such results call for integrated public policy interventions that emphasize social and institutional dimensions.

Abstract
Very few quantitative studies assess the impact of IPR protection mechanisms on the competitiveness of companies, particularly those whose creation and existence is often attributed to high technology/knowledge intensity. The present study aims to fill this gap. Through a direct survey targeting startups located in S&T parks and incubators, we assess the direct and indirect impact of IPR protection mechanisms. Logistics estimations based on a sample of 48 Portuguese companies suggest that, considered globally, formal IPR protection is detrimental to the companies' competitiveness. Notwithstanding, when IPR protection mechanisms are discriminated by type, the results indicate that the use of informal protection mechanisms, such as lead time and trade secrets, fosters the companies'competitiveness, whereas the use of formal protection mechanisms, in particular, patents, trademarks and geographical indications, negatively impacts on competitiveness. The size and innovation profile of the company intermediates the influence of IPR protection on its competitiveness. (C) 2018 Journal of Innovation & Knowledge. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.

Abstract
The present study focuses on the estimation of the human capital stock for the Cape Verdean economy in the period 1950-2012. Adapting the methodology proposed by Barro and Lee, based on past schooling values, we found that between 1950 and 2012 the Cape Verdean working-age population showed a gradual improvement in the levels of schooling, rising from 0.7 years of schooling in the 1950s to 5.4 in late 2012. Thus, in each year, the average years of schooling increased only 0.08 years, meaning that, in net terms and on average, only 7.6 per cent of the working-age population was attending some level of formal education. The availability of a time series of number of average schooling years in Cape Verde opens up possibilities for assessing the impact of human capital on the country's economic development.

Abstract
The scant literature that addresses issues related to the Technology Balance of Payments (TBP) often refers that a surplus balance may correspond to a high degree of technological autonomy, a low level of technology imports, or an inability to assimilate foreign technologies. It is not clear, however, from this literature whether, and to what extent, the balance of the TBP is related to countries' international competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to detail the evolution of the TBP for Southern European countries and to assess the extent to which it influences these countries' international competitiveness. Using static and dynamic panel data techniques on data for four Southern European countries (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain) between 2000 and 2017, our results highlight that a positive TBP significantly contributes to foster countries' international competitiveness.

Abstract
The literature on 'Sleeping Beauties' (SBs), papers that have been 'asleep' for a certain amount of time and that, suddenly, gain a significant amount of attention, is not very extensive, and has analyzed the phenomenon mainly in the Sciences. The present study seeks to find the SBs and their 'Princes' (first studies citing the SBs that have more citations and more co-citations with the SBs) in the field of International Business (IB). In terms of methodology we resort to a model that involves citation and co-citation analyses applied to a sample of 19419 papers on IB published in journals indexed in Web of Science bibliographic database. Four main findings can be highlighted: 1) SBs are a rare phenomenon in IB as only 8 SBs were found (0.04% of the total papers analyzed); 2) They focused issues related to the process of firm internationalization, international entrepreneurship, global strategies, and performance and risk management; 3) They were published in highly renowned journals, such as Journal of International Business Studies; Journal of Management Studies or Strategic Management Journal; and 4) They slept between 5 and 18 years and were awaked by 22 princes. Differently from what has been stressed in the literature about SBs, most SBs in IB presented more than one 'awakening time' and were composed by 'clusters' of princes instead of a single prince. The study of SBs is a useful and instructive model in studying the mechanisms of scientific information flow through citations. It highlights that the excessive reliance on articles' current citations might prevent the uncovering of studies that are ahead of their time.