Abstract
The relation between academic integrity and real world corruption is more often presumed than proven. Based on a sample of 7,602 students from 21 countries, it was found that academic cheating in the past is a predictor of the countries' current level of corruption. This reproducibility and persistence over time of dishonest behaviors highlights the danger of disregarding students cheating at university. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether new rural ventures represent effective rural entrepreneurship or are just entrepreneurial ventures located in rural settings. Design\methodology\approach Data were collected from a direct questionnaire involving 408 new ventures headquartered in Portuguese business incubators and science parks, of which 142 are located in rural areas. To analyse data, the authors performed a preliminary and exploratory statistical analysis. Findings The authors demonstrate that only a small percentage of ventures operating in rural areas constitute examples of effective rural entrepreneurship, with the bulk of them being just enterprises located in rural settings. Rural new ventures tend to be small (in terms of employees and turnover), rely mainly on the internal market and lag behind other new ventures (located in both rural and urban municipalities) in terms of performance. Research limitations/implications The study only includes new knowledge-intensive ventures, that is, those headquartered in business incubators and science parks. Therefore, it cannot be generalised to other new ventures located in rural settings. Originality/value The extant literature on entrepreneurship has neglected the empirical implications of mixing, confounding and/or merging the concepts of rural entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship activities in rural areas. In this study, the authors discuss and analyse the empirical boundaries of such concepts and uncover the magnitude of pure rural entrepreneurship.

Abstract

Abstract
Ageing is no longer an issue belonging just to developed countries. In the present paper we examine the presence of this phenomenon and its expected evolution in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), from 1950 to 2100. The empirical work carried out sustains that LDCs are in the process of becoming ageing countries. Indeed, the old age dependency ratio in LDCs is predicted to converge towards that of the most developed countries between 2010 and 2020. Furthermore, results reveal that ageing dynamics varies according to LDCs regions, disclosing that LDCs from Asia are more likely to be ageing first. The results suggest that, unlike developed countries, LDCs will experience the process of demographic burden (ageing) before they could benefit from the demographic dividend (higher proportion of working group and lower proportion of young age group). © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Abstract
The advancement of knowledge on networks entails acknowledging the heterogeneity of their participants, more precisely, the organizations that lie beyond the scope of the activities of firms. Adopting a dynamic perspective of networks, and considering different types of innovation exchanges, we propose a hybrid and wider notion of industry which implies taking account of a set of local supporting organizations (LSOs) in domains such as research and technology, production factors, consultancy and training, and public support. Based on a rich data set built from face-to-face interviews with Portuguese automotive organizations, which resulted in a network comprising 867 organizations, we apply social network analysis techniques to analyse the structure, content and dynamics of the networks. The evidence gathered unveiled huge industry turbulence and significant changes in the boundaries of the Portuguese automotive networks over a 20-year period, with the emergence (and decline) of different prominent organizations. Specifically, following AutoEuropa major foreign direct investment (in 1995), the analyses reflect a clear increase in connectivity within the industry (from 524, before 1995, up to 2327 connections after 1995), with greater involvement among suppliers and between suppliers and LSOs, with the latter achieving top positions in the ranking of innovation networks.

Abstract