Abstract
In this paper we present a complete methodology to perform state estimation studies in distribution networks. Due to the peculiarities of these networks the traditional state estimation concept was enlarged in different ways. It includes a load allocation study, as a way to cope with the reduced number of real time measurements in SCADA database. The algorithm estimates binary values of topology variables, due to incomplete or erroneous topology information in the control center and it is able to include data modeled by fuzzy numbers as a way to include fuzzy results of the load allocation procedure or fuzzy assessments from experts. Finally, the paper describes a methodology developed to tune the weights to be used in the state estimation based on a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference system. The paper includes a case study based in the IEEE 24 bus system to highlight and illustrate its application in a variety of situations.

Abstract

Abstract
SINUP consists of a geographical information system whose purpose is to store, in a coherent manner, data resulting from key activities of Oporto local authority, allowing to better structure the knowledge about the urban reality. In the possession of such knowledge, and with the revision of Oporto's Municipal Master Plan taking place soon, the municipality is making an effort to develop an electronic citizen service that will allow a large number of citizens to consult it, and more important, participate in its public discussion prior to approval thus creating a major instrument of e-democracy in Oporto's municipality.

Abstract
Geographical information is of strategic importance, when comes to land use management decision-making and GIS are essential resources for the production of land use management instruments, commonly known as plans (e.g. master plans). To build them, local authorities require multi-disciplinary teams with different competences and responsibilities. Many of these teams are external to the municipality and in the position of sub-contractors. With so many actors involved, the result is often a complex mesh of incoherent spatial data. Overcoming this problem often leads to huge overheads for the public administration. This paper addresses a possible technical solution for this issue, based on international standards (e.g. OpenGIS) and profiting from the current state of technological development.

Abstract

Abstract
Good documentation is crucial for the success of frameworks. In this research, a new documenting approach is proposed combining existing document styles in a kind of "minimalist" framework manual with a special emphasis on framework understandability and usability, rather than on describing framework design. Benefits and drawbacks are evaluated from frameworks of different domains and complexity. © 2000 ACM.