Abstract
This paper presents an approach to the energy management and control of the effective cost of energy in real-time electricity pricing environment. The strategy aims to optimise the overall energy flow in the electrical system that minimises the cost of power consumption from the grid. To substantiate these claims different cases of time-of-use (TOU) and renewable energy electricity tariff, i.e. in summer and winter seasons, and the robustness of system is analysed. A given energy demand for commercial usage in the city of Tshwane (South Africa) is used to investigate the behaviour of the designed method during low and high demand periods. As grid integrated renewable energy resources, photovoltaic (PV) is an important consideration in assuring excellent power supply and environmental issues in the commercial building. An adaptive optimal approach in the framework of model predictive control (MPC) is designed to coordinate the energy flow on the electrical system. The results show that the proposed adaptive MPC strategy can promote the new approach of an optimal electrical system design, which reduces the energy cost to pay the utility grid by about 46% or more depending on the set target.

Abstract
A hybrid population-based metaheuristic, Hybrid Canonical Differential Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (hC-DEEPSO), is applied to solve Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF) problems. Despite the inherent difficulties of tackling these real-world problems, they must be solved several times a day taking into account operation and security conditions. A combination of the C-DEEPSO metaheuristic coupled with a multipoint search operator is proposed to better exploit the search space in the vicinity of the best solution found so far by the current population in the first stages of the search process. A simple diversity mechanism is also applied to avoid premature convergence and to escape from local optima. A experimental design is devised to fine-tune the parameters of the proposed algorithm for each instance of the SCOPF problem. The effectiveness of the proposed hC-DEEPSO is tested on the IEEE 57-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus standard systems. The numerical results obtained by hC-DEEPSO are compared with other evolutionary methods reported in the literature to prove the potential and capability of the proposed hC-DEEPSO for solving the SCOPF at acceptable economical and technical levels.

Abstract
This paper proposes a new optimization tool based on the cross-entropy (CE) method to assess security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) solutions. First, the corresponding SCOPF stochastic problem is defined so that the optimum solution is interpreted as a rare event to be reached by a random search. Second, the CE method solves this new problem efficiently by making adaptive changes to the probability density function according to the Kullback-Leibler distance, creating a sequence of density functions that guides the search in the direction of the theoretically degenerate density at the optimal point. Different types of density functions are tested in order to cope with discrete variables present in the SCOPF problem. Two test systems, namely the IEEE 57 bus and the IEEE 300 bus, are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of solution quality and computational effort. Comparisons carried out with reference algorithms in the literature demonstrate that the CE method is capable of finding better solutions for the SCOPF problem with fewer evaluations.

Abstract
Power transformers are important equipment of a substation from the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity to end users. The costs associated with purchasing a power transformer in the voltage class of 500 kV (100 MVA) are a few million. The fines imposed by regulatory agencies are significant when there is unavailability of equipment for any defect or failure. Therefore, energy companies have been struggling in preventive and predictive maintenance in order to maintain this equipment in an effective maintenance program, avoiding the occurrence of failures. There are various techniques that are utilized for diagnosis and analysis of transformer failure, but little has been discussed about mechanisms that assist in decision making when it is necessary to overload the transformer, especially in emergency situations. In this paper, we present a framework that unifies the step of fault diagnosis of power transformers with the process of decision making, considering the current operating conditions as well as the life of the equipment. The assistance to the decision-making methodology is based on risk analysis with indicators derived from the failure rate and Arrhenius theory. The validation of the method is performed with a case study using data from a utility.

Abstract
Manaus, a city of more than two million people, suffers problems arising from strong sunlight and aggravated by several factors, such as traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions generated by evaporation and burning of fuel. The present study examined Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) emissions in an urban area of the city using different methodologies. CO and NO2 were measured using automated and passive analyzers, respectively. Meanwhile, direct monitoring of these pollutants was performed in vehicular sources in the vicinity of sampling locations. Results showed that levels of carbon monoxide vary over time, being higher during peak movement of vehicles. NO2 values have exceeded the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), and monitoring at source showed high levels of CO and NO2 emissions to the atmosphere.

Abstract
Strong adoption dynamics of private passenger electric vehicles (EV) will require adjustments in the operation and planning of electrical distribution grids. This work proposes a novel approach to assess the impact of electric vehicle charging while considering EV adoption dynamics and commuting patterns. The proposed model uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and is applied to a real-world case study. Results suggest that clustering of EV charging will occur and underline the relevance of accurate spatial and temporal charging pattern estimations for distribution grid planning. Overloading of distribution network elements was observed even under light EV penetration rates.