Abstract

Abstract
The present work proposes a two-stage optimization approach for flexibility services provided by battery energy storage systems (BESS) in distribution networks with photovoltaic (PV) generation and electric vehicles (EV). The considered flexibility services include reserve allocation and voltage regulation to support network operation. The first stage optimizes the day-ahead (DA) scheduling of distributed BESS to minimize overall costs, including energy, BESS usage, and reserve, while accounting for stochastic variations in load, PV generation, and EV penetration. The second stage simulates the real-time (RT) operation of the electrical distribution network, evaluating system behavior under different scenarios based on DA decisions. A coordinated control strategy is applied, integrating DA scheduling with network voltage levels. Deviations between BESS outputs in DA and RT stages are fed back into a new DA run to adjust outputs and reduce costs. Results on a medium-voltage distribution system with 157 nodes (based on a reduced version of the EPRI CKT5 feeder) demonstrate that the proposed scenario-based model provides feasible solutions under uncertainty, with BESS playing a key role while strictly adhering to planned operational modes from DA to RT, as typically enforced in energy market participation.

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract