Abstract
A novel technique based on multiple amplitude wavelength modulation spectroscopy (MA-WMS) for simultaneous measurement of CH4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\text {CH}_4$$\end{document} gas concentration and pressure was developed and validated both through simulation and experiment, showing good agreement. To capture the spectrum broadening caused by increasing pressure and concomitantly obtain the concentration at the sensor's location, a laser centered at 1650.9 nm was subjected to multiple amplitude modulation depths while the 2fm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$2f_{m}$$\end{document} signal, normalized by the DC component (an invariant quantity under optical loss), was recorded. While the use of a single and fixed modulation can introduce an ambiguity, as different pairs of pressure and concentration can yield the same value, this ambiguity is eliminated by employing multiple amplitude modulations. In this approach, the intersection point of the three level curves can provide the local pressure and concentration. The proposed system was able to measure concentrations from 5% up to 45% and pressures from 0.25 atm up to 1.75 atm, with a maximum error of 2% in concentration and 0.06 atm in pressure, respectively. The system was also tested for attenuation insensitivity, demonstrating that measurements were not significantly affected for up to 10 dB applied optical loss.

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the development Phases involved in transforming a technology originated in research into a medical product for commercialization. It first describes the four main Phases, from the emergence of the need for the product to its post-marketing obligations. It is intended to help the interested reader understand the stages, documents, guidelines, and regulations that a medical device must go through in order to be marketed. Special highlight is given to the necessary topics that must be addressed in order for the device to be certified. Every product that goes to market must be certified by some regulatory body in order to ensure that it will not cause any negative impact on its users. Further, for medical devices, these requirements are heightened, as they may come in contact with the user, potentially causing a direct risk to them. Thus, reading this chapter will provide the reader with an understanding of these Phases within the industrial environment as well as the aspects that must be taken into account before placing a medical device on the market. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.

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Abstract
This paper focuses on the comprehensive assessment of regional performance in attaining the 2030 Strategic Framework for Education and Training (ET2030) established by the European Union. To this end, we propose a composite indicator framework based on robust Benefit-of-the-doubt models empirically validated through an extensive analysis of data spanning 32 countries and 101 NUTS-I level regions for 2019. We integrate contextual variables into a robust conditional model to ensure an equitable evaluation among regions grappling with distinct circumstances. Specifically, the unemployment rate and the percentage of the population holding national citizenship are considered. Moreover, the research identifies best practices from high-performing regions that can serve as benchmarks for underperforming areas. Analyzing regional-level data is crucial for understanding disparities between European regions and within countries.

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Our team previously introduced an innovative concept for an "invisible" Electrocardiography (ECG) system, incorporating electrodes and sensors into a toilet seat design to enable signal acquisition from the thighs. Building upon that work, we now present a novel dataset featuring real-world, single-lead ECG signals captured at the thighs, offering a valuable resource for advancing research on thigh-based ECG for cardiovascular disease assessment. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset of its kind. The tOLIet dataset comprises 149 ECG recordings collected from 86 individuals (50 females, 36 males) with an average age of 31.73 ± 13.11 years, a mean weight of 66.89 ± 10.70 kg, and an average height of 166.82 ± 6.07 cm. Participants were recruited through direct contact with the Principal Investigator at Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Lisboa Central (CHULC) and via clinical consultations conducted at the same institution. Each recording includes four differential signals acquired from electrode pairs embedded in the toilet seat, with reference signals obtained from a standard 12-lead hospital ECG system.

Abstract
The present work proposes a two-stage optimization approach for flexibility services provided by battery energy storage systems (BESS) in distribution networks with photovoltaic (PV) generation and electric vehicles (EV). The considered flexibility services include reserve allocation and voltage regulation to support network operation. The first stage optimizes the day-ahead (DA) scheduling of distributed BESS to minimize overall costs, including energy, BESS usage, and reserve, while accounting for stochastic variations in load, PV generation, and EV penetration. The second stage simulates the real-time (RT) operation of the electrical distribution network, evaluating system behavior under different scenarios based on DA decisions. A coordinated control strategy is applied, integrating DA scheduling with network voltage levels. Deviations between BESS outputs in DA and RT stages are fed back into a new DA run to adjust outputs and reduce costs. Results on a medium-voltage distribution system with 157 nodes (based on a reduced version of the EPRI CKT5 feeder) demonstrate that the proposed scenario-based model provides feasible solutions under uncertainty, with BESS playing a key role while strictly adhering to planned operational modes from DA to RT, as typically enforced in energy market participation.