Abstract
Tetun is one of Timor-Leste's official languages alongside Portuguese. It is a low-resource language with over 932,000 speakers that started developing when Timor-Leste restored its independence in 2002. Newspapers mainly use Tetun and more than ten national online news websites actively broadcast news in Tetun every day. However, since information retrieval-based solutions for Tetun do not exist, finding Tetun information on the internet and digital platforms is challenging. This work aims to investigate and develop solutions that can enable the application of information retrieval techniques to develop search solutions for Tetun using Tetun INL and focus on the ad-hoc text retrieval task. As a result, we expect to have effective search solutions for Tetun and contribute to the innovation in information retrieval for low-resource languages, including making Tetun datasets available for future researchers.

Abstract
This paper introduces Labadain-30k+, a monolingual dataset comprising 33.6k documents in Tetun, a low-resource language spoken in Timor-Leste. The dataset was acquired through web crawling and augmented with Wikipedia documents released by Wikimedia. Both sets of documents underwent thorough manual audits at the document level by native Tetun speakers, resulting in the construction of a Tetun text dataset well-suited for a variety of natural language processing and information retrieval tasks. This dataset was employed to conduct a comprehensive content analysis aimed at providing a nuanced understanding of document composition and the evolution of Tetun documents on the web. The analysis revealed that news articles constitute the predominant documents within the dataset, accounting for 89.87% of the total, followed by Wikipedia documents at 4.34%, and legal and governmental documents at 3.65%, among others. Notably, there was a substantial increase in the number of documents in 2020, indicating 11.75 percentage points rise in document quantity, compared to an average of 4.76 percentage points per year from 2001 to 2023. Moreover, the year 2017, marked by the increased popularity of online news in Tetun, served as a threshold for analyzing the evolution of document writing on the web pre- and post-2017, specifically regarding vocabulary usage. Surprisingly, this analysis showed a significant increase of 6.12 percentage points in the Tetun written adhering to the Tetun official standard. Additionally, the persistence of Portuguese loanwords in that trajectory remained evident, reflecting an increase of 5.09 percentage points. © 2024 ELRA Language Resource Association.

Abstract
This paper proposes Labadain Crawler, a data collection pipeline tailored to automate and optimize the process of constructing textual corpora from the web, with a specific target to low-resource languages. The system is built on top of Nutch, an open-source web crawler and data extraction framework, and incorporates language processing components such as a tokenizer and a language identification model. The pipeline efficacy is demonstrated through successful testing with Tetun, one of Timor-Leste's official languages, resulting in the construction of a high-quality Tetun text corpus comprising 321.7k sentences extracted from over 22k web pages. The contributions of this paper include the development of a Tetun tokenizer, a Tetun language identification model, and a Tetun text corpus, marking an important milestone in Tetun text information retrieval.