Abstract
This paper proposes an innovative directional Benefit-of-the-Doubt (BoD) model for setting benchmarking targets on the frontier of the Production Possibility Set (PPS) in alignment with strategic goals defined a priori by experts or decision makers. The proposed model iteratively adjusts the directional vectors assigned to each Decision Making Unit (DMU) ensuring that once specific goals are achieved, further improvement efforts are directed towards indicators with remaining performance gaps. This mechanism enables a dynamic prioritization of improvement consistent with strategic objectives. Additionally, we define a Composite Indicator (CI) that measures the overall effectiveness of each DMU relative to a strategy-based reference. The CI can be decomposed into a technical score - reflecting proximity to the PPS frontier - and a strategical score - capturing the extent to which goals remain unmet upon reaching the frontier. The framework proposed is illustrated and validated through an empirical assessment of 27 European countries using 2022 data from the 'Education and Training 2030' indicators.

Abstract
This chapter explores the innovative development and integration of tailored user research instruments to inform digital health solutions for People Living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (PALS) exhibiting characteristics of partial Locked-In Syndrome (LIS). Addressing the complex interplay of motor, cognitive, and emotional impairments typical of this population, the study proposes a synergistic framework combining three adapted instruments: the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R/EX), the User Experience Questionnaire Plus (UEQ+), and a bespoke Cognitive-Motor-Emotional (CME) Observation Grid. These instruments were tailored to detect subtle variations in user function, affect, and interaction. Results show how embodied and sensory drawing participatory methods and customisation of instruments, along with semi-structured questionnaire and interviews with caregivers, can yield actionable insights for designing a model for solutions in neurodegenerative or communication-limiting contexts beyond Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC).

Abstract
Within the scope of the Mobilizing Agenda for the Development of Intelligent Green Mobility Products and Systems (A-MoVeR), PPS2 defined the presentation of a new electric motorcycle, with high autonomy, aimed at promoting comfortable, efficient and efficient urban mobility. green. In this context, the need to develop interfaces that meet the expectations of end users, promoting user experience and security are crucial. Therefore, following a User-Centered Design (DCU) methodology, a co-design perspective and UX data collection methods, this article presents the steps and preliminary results of the preparation, face-to-face session and subsequent analysis of results of a preliminary moment of acquiring knowledge on how to optimize motorcycle user interfaces. Specifically: script planning, requirements and analysis of user feedback collected through audiovisual recording, in a focus group, are described.

Abstract
This chapter is grounded in the results of the ERASMUS+ funded project SmartAgeCare, which investigated active and healthy ageing strategies across eight European countries. The project aims to foster digital inclusion, civic participation, and psychosocial well-being among older adults by exploring innovative models of engagement. This chapter introduces the concept of 'Ikigai Play' as a transdisciplinary framework rooted in a meta-narrative review and inspired by the Japanese philosophy of Ikigai—meaning 'reason for being'. Synthesising evidence from national studies and digital ageing strategies, the chapter identifies regional disparities, psychosocial drivers, and the transformative potential of inclusive technologies. 'Ikigai Play' is proposed as a culturally adaptive model to support autonomy, well-being, and digital health equity.

Abstract
In the past years, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased, highlighting the urgent need to better understand and combat these diseases. Innovative ultrasound treatments have shown promising results but require further investigation, particularly regarding the penetration of acoustic waves into the brain. This work focus on developing a hydrophone to study acoustic wave penetration in biological tissue, combining computational simulations and experimental testing. The hydrophone design was optimized for accurate measurements of wave interactions with tissue, and experiments using gelatine and biological tissue samples validated its performance. The results show the hydrophone’s potential to measure acoustic wave interactions in heterogeneous tissues, providing a foundation for optimizing therapeutic ultrasound in neurodegenerative diseases. Further refinements are needed to improve accuracy in more complex conditions. © 2026, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. All rights reserved.

Abstract
Spectral analysis of cultural heritage materials offers valuable insights into the restoration and preservation of historical artifacts, revealing details about the materials used and the manufacturing techniques employed. However, given their historical and artistic significance, the extraction of elemental information from these fragile samples poses a unique challenge, as these objects must be examined using minimally invasive methods to prevent irreversible damage. Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is one such technique, providing a rapid and detailed elemental characterization. Yet, extensive LIBS analysis can still compromise the integrity of these delicate objects. In this work, a novel approach that integrates spectral and RGB data clustering to significantly reduce the number of LIBS measurements required is introduced. By segmenting the material into visually and chemically distinct clusters, this method enables targeted LIBS analysis using only a few representative shots per cluster, thus preserving the integrity of cultural heritage artifacts while still delivering reliable compositional insights. (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)