Abstract
The literature on the impact of research output (RO) on economic growth (EG) has been rapidly expanding. However, the single growth processes of technological laggard countries and the mediating roles of human capital (HC) and structural change have been overlooked. Based on cointegration analyses and Granger causality tests over 40 years (1980-2019) for Portugal, five results are worth highlighting: (1) in the short run, RO is critical to promote EG; (2) the long run relation between RO and EG is more complex, being positive and significant in the case of global and research fields that resemble capital goods (Life, Physical, Engineering & Technology, and Social Sciences), and negative in the case of research fields that resemble final goods (Clinical & Pre-Clinical Health, and Arts & Humanities); (3) existence of important short run mismatches between HC and scientific production, with the former mitigating the positive impact of the latter on EG; (4) in the long run, such mismatches are only apparent for 'general' HC (years of schooling of the population 25 + years), with the positive association between RO and EG being enhanced by increases in 'specialized' HC (number of R&D researchers); (5) structural change processes favouring industry amplify the positive (long-run) association and (short-run) impact of RO on EG. Such results robustly suggest that even in technologically laggard contexts, scientific production is critical for economic growth, especially when aligned with changes in sectoral composition that favour industry.

Abstract
PurposeRefugee entrepreneurship is increasingly viewed as a silver bullet being able to promote host countries' economic performance and enable the successful integration of refugees. This study aims to identify the main determinants of entrepreneurial intentions of refugees in Portugal based on the underdog theory.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors scrutinize the entrepreneurial intentions of refugees living in Portugal, an overlooked context, using a purpose-built inquiry responded to by 41 refugees and resorting to fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, complemented with partial least squares path modeling.FindingsSome important results are worth highlighting: the entrepreneurial intentions of the respondent sample of refugees living in Portugal are high; the theoretical arguments underlying the underdog or challenge-based entrepreneurship theory are validated in the context of the respondent sample; and psychological related factors associated with the more standard explanations of entrepreneurial intentions constitute necessary conditions for high refugee entrepreneurial intentions.Originality/valueEntrepreneurial intentions to launch a business have been discussed in the entrepreneurship literature vastly, but it has not yet received much attention when focusing on refugees, often identified as underdogs (potential) entrepreneurs. This study contributes to the literature by testing the challenge-based entrepreneurship theory to identify the primary factors influencing refugee entrepreneurial intentions.

Abstract
This cross-sectional study addresses Portuguese online shoppers' behavior toward Chinese online retailers, assessing the impact of financial, product, and time-convenience risks and demographic traits on their willingness to buy from those e-stores. The research relies on a survey of 1,432 participants who have shopped online at least once. Approximately half of the sample already buys from Chinese websites; age, financial, and time-convenience risks explain 21.5% of the variance of their purchase intention. On the other hand, participants who buy on Chinese websites present significantly lower values of all risks and the intention to buy from Chinese websites, possibly reflecting a satisfactory transaction experience. Furthermore, a generation gap is evident as younger people feel more confident in dealing intuitively with and solving online issues, giving them the confidence necessary to purchase online from Chinese e-stores - perhaps geographically and ideologically distant - but brought closer by e-expertise (online dexterity).

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained significant evolution in recent years that, if properly harnessed, may meet or exceed expectations in a wide range of application fields. However, because Machine Learning (ML) models have a black-box structure, end users frequently seek explanations for the predictions made by these learning models. Through tools, approaches, and algorithms, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) gives descriptions of black-box models to better understand the models' behaviour and underlying decision-making mechanisms. The AI development in companies enables them to participate in Industry 4.0. The need to inform users of transparent algorithms has given rise to the research field of XAI. This paper provides a brief overview and introduction to the subject of XAI while highlighting why this topic is generating more and more attention in many sectors, such as industry.

Abstract
Exploring a rich administrative matched employer -employee longitudinal dataset over the 2002-2020 period and a task -based approach, this study investigates to what extent the recent paradigm shift in the electricity sector has affected the structure of employment and wages in the Portuguese case. Our results show that the liberalization in the sector led to the entry of new players and firms' downsizing of the workforce, most notably in occupations involving routine cognitive tasks and non -routine manual tasks. In two decades, the employment share of occupations involving non -routine cognitive tasks (abstract or interactive) doubled, from 29.7% in 2002 to 58.1% in 2020. Regarding wage premiums, the results reveal a clear positive trend in real hourly wages for all types of occupations in the sector. However, we observe a lower wage growth acceleration for workers employed in routine (cognitive or manual) occupations, when compared with similar workers employed in non -routine occupations (cognitive or manual). Our findings are partly consistent with the skill -biased and routine -biased technological change hypotheses in the sense that we observe, respectively, a skill up -grading translated into an increase in employment share in non -routine cognitive occupations and a substantial decline in employment share in routine cognitive occupations.

Abstract
The present study examines the impact of family ownership and control on the internationalization strategies of Portuguese manufacturing firms. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence that different forms of international market presence are asymmetrically influenced by family control and by underscoring the importance of innovative strategies. The analysis includes a sample of 25,533 firms observed from 2018 to 2021. Econometric models address the role of ownership in alternative internationalization endeavors, demonstrating that these firms differ from their non-family counterparts. By comparing the export propensity, intensity, and reach of family businesses to non-family businesses, the research sheds light on the challenges faced by family-owned firms and the significance of structural characteristics such as technological regimes and regional competitive advantages. The findings emphasize the negative impact of family presence on internationalization while highlighting the importance of innovation and ecosystem support. Additionally, the study contributes to the empirical refinement of firm classification by proposing a more reliable segmentation method. It also presents alternative econometric methods to appraise internationalization strategies better. Future research directions are suggested, particularly regarding the use of additional information related to innovation and human capital, offering insights for enhancing the global engagement of family businesses in global markets. This research provides valuable empirical evidence and practical implications for policymakers and practitioners seeking to support the required actions to promote the growth and internationalization of family businesses in the context of the Portuguese manufacturing industry.