Abstract
Background: Biogenic amines (BAs) are compounds considered to be contaminants of foodstuff and are cause of poisoning. The main BAs found in foods are cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, histamine, spermine and spermidine. The number of food poisoning cases associated with BAs in food has increased in the recent years reinforcing the need for early detection to ensure high levels of food quality and safety. Scope and approach: This review aims to provide a general approach to the different BAs detected in foods their concentrations and sample treatments. These compounds are found in varying concentrations in a wide variety of foods such as fish, meat, fruits, vegetables, cheese, wine, and beer. It also refers the different analytical techniques currently used for the detection of BAs, as well as the different treatments of the samples and innovations of the techniques currently used that allow greater sensitivity and speed of the analyzes and with obtaining detection limits lower and lower. Key findings and conclusions: BAs are present in a wide variety of foods and their concentration is highly influenced by the storage conditions of food products. BAs can be precursors of nitrosamines, which have been linked to carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. Several analytical techniques and sample treatments have been improved in the last few years for better and faster detection of BAs.

Abstract
The classification of the type of trapped particles is a crucial task for an efficient integration of optical-tweezers in intelligent microfluidic devices. In the recent years, the use of the temporal scattering signal of the trapped particle paved for the use of versatile optical fiber solutions for performing such tasks, a feature previously unavailable as most methods required conventional optical tweezer setups. This work presents a comprehensive comparison of performances achieved with two distinct implementations – i)optical fiber and ii)conventional optical tweezers – for the classification of the material of particles through the analysis of the scattering signal with machine learning algorithms. The results suggest that while micron-sized particles can be accurately classified using the forward scattering information in conventional optical tweezers, when equipped with a quadrant photodetector, the optical fiber tweezers solutions can easily surpass its performance using the back-scattered information if the laser is modulated. Together with the advantages of being simpler, less expensive and more versatile, the results presented suggest that optical fiber solutions can become a valuable tool for miniaturization and integration of intelligent microfluidic devices working towards nanoscopic scales. © 2021 The Authors

Abstract
In hydroponic cultivation, monitoring and quantification of nutrients is of paramount importance. Precision agriculture has an urgent need for measuring fertilization and plant nutrient uptake. Reliable, robust and accurate sensors for measuring nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are regarded as critical in this process. It is vital to understand nutrients’ interference; thusly, a Hoagland fertilizer solution-based orthogonal experimental design was deployed. Concentration ranges were varied in a target analyte-independent style, as follows: [N] = [103.17–554.85] ppm; [P] = [15.06–515.35] ppm; [K] = [113.78–516.45] ppm, by dilution from individual stock solutions. Quantitative results for N and K, and qualitative results for P were obtained.

Abstract
A monolithic lab-on-a-chip fabricated by femtosecond laser micromachining capable of label-free biosensing is reported. The device is entirely made of fused silica, and consists of a microdisk resonator integrated inside a microfluidic channel. Whispering gallery modes are excited by the evanescent field of a circular suspended waveguide, also incorporated within the channel. Thermal annealing is performed to decrease the surface roughness of the microstructures to a nanometric scale, thereby reducing intrinsic losses and maximizing the Q-factor. Further, thermally-induced morphing is used to position, with submicrometric precision, the suspended waveguide tangent to the microresonator to enhance the spatial overlap between the evanescent field of both optical modes. With this fabrication method and geometry, the alignment between the waveguide and the resonator is robust and guaranteed at all instances. A maximum sensitivity of 121.5 nm/RIU was obtained at a refractive index of 1.363, whereas near the refractive index range of water-based solutions the sensitivity is 40 nm/RIU. A high Q-factor of 10(5) is kept throughout the entire measurement range.

Abstract
Demonstration of a fiber-integrated non-volatile reconfigurable metasurface providing high-contrast group delay dispersion switching functionality is reported, which may be engineered to operate at wavelengths across the near-infrared (telecoms) band. Light-induced amorphous-crystalline phase switching in a chalcogenide (germanium antimony telluride) metasurface, only a fraction of a wavelength thick, fabricated on the end-facet of a single-mode optical fiber, enables intensity and phase modulation of the guided wave at metasurface designated bands. Such devices present a range of opportunities in fiberized remotely programmable phase/intensity multiplexing and dynamic dispersion compensation for emerging telecommunications and data storage/processing applications, including in photonic neural network and neuromorphic computing architectures.

Abstract
This paper proposes a scheme to determine multiple parameters of a medium using multiple localized surface plasmon resonances (SPR) in a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) whose flat surface is covered by two adjacent gold layers of different thicknesses. We show how to customize plasmon resonances at different wavelengths with very low cross-talk between them, thus allow obtaining the optical dispersion, the average refractive index and the temperature of the sample. Since the surface plasmon resonances are excited at distinct spectral channels, the sensing structure can be used to determine simultaneously these parameters.