Abstract
In the current era of digital transformation, adopting circular business models that blend circularity principles with advanced digital technologies, is fundamental for sustainable industrial practices. This paper suggests a semantic model for a Digital Twin based on an Asset Administration Shell. It also explores the Digital Product Passport topic since this will be the final goal for the Digital Twin. The Digital Product Passport serves as a complete digital record of the product life cycle to improve traceability and circularity. The Asset Administration Shell provides a standardized digital representation of assets, facilitating interoperability and fluid data exchange. By taking advantage of a Digital Twin, industries can optimize performance and predict product needs. Moreover, it enriches the Digital Product Passport with updated and accurate data, facilitating traceability and efficient product management. The application of semantic models ensures a consistent interpretation of data across all platforms, increasing the reliability of digital interactions and interoperability. This article explains the potential of these technologies to promote a circular economy, focusing in the particular case of the Digital Product Passport. © 2025 The Author(s).

Abstract
Mutation testing is an effective testing technique for improving how well a test suite can detect small changes to a program under test. This testing technique is seeing increased industry adoption. This paper aims to study the use of mutation testing in an educational setting and understand students' technical and conceptual challenges in applying mutation testing concepts. We report on two case studies of incorporating mutation testing into software engineering curricula. The Scaffolding Study explores the impact of using different mutation analysis tools directly or indirectly via a uniform interface provided by an educational infrastructure. We observe that scaffolding (indirect tool use) improved the consistency of student performance for those using the same mutation analysis tool on the same code as well as helping students perform more effective mutation testing. The Visualization Study explores the impact of different forms of output of a mutation analysis tool. Specifically, it assesses to what extent visualizations support students in reasoning about mutants and writing tests to detect them. We observe that like scaffolding, visualizations helped students perform more effective mutation testing, with lower-performing students seeing a boost in particular. We further explore challenges around automatic assessment of mutation testing exercises. For example, we observe that even with assignment scaffolding, 18-21% of student submissions required manual modifications to successfully execute.

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Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) in cellular networks combines access and backhaul within a wireless infrastructure reducing reliance on fibre-based backhaul. This enables flexible and more cost-effective network expansion, especially in hard-to-reach areas. Positioning a mobile IAB node (MIAB) in a seaport environment, in order to ensure on-demand, resilient wireless connectivity, presents unique challenges due to the high density of User Equipments (UEs) and potential shadowing effects caused by obstacles. This paper addresses the problem of positioning MIABs within areas containing UEs, fixed IAB donors (FIABs), and obstacles. Our approach considers user associations and different types of scheduling, ensuring MIABs and FIABs meet the capacity requirements of a special team of served UEs, while not exceeding backhaul capacity. With a Genetic Algorithm solver, we achieve capacity improvement gains, by up to 200% for the 90th percentile, particularly during emergency capacity demands.

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The paper presents an application of the new control paradigm, which is based on process moments, to a model of a DC motor. The basis of the new control paradigm is that it eliminates the process transfer function within the closed loop, as it estimates the final steady-state value of the process output and compares it with the reference signal. As a result, the closed loop response is much more stable and generally without overshoots. This property makes it suitable for application to motor-driven processes where overshoots is undesirable. It was shown that the control method provides very stable closed-loop responses even when the actual motor and the model parameters differ. It was also shown that the proposed method can be applied to constrained systems as the anti-windup protection is implicitly embedded in the control solution. © 2025 IEEE.