Abstract
Although IT governance practices (like ITIL, which recommends on the use of Audit Trails (AT) for proper service level management) are being introduced in many Hospitals to cope with increasing levels of information quality and safety requirements, the standard maturity levels of hospital IT departments is still not enough to reach the level of frequent use of AT. This paper aims to address the issues related to the existence and quality of AT in Hospital Information Systems (HIS). A total of 5 hospitals participated in the study (4 CIO interviews and 7 AT from 4 hospitals). Very few AT are known to exist in these hospitals (about 1 per hospital in an estimate of 21 existing IS). The existing AT has poor quality (garbled, incomplete and misformatted information). CIOs should be much more concerned with the existence, quality and maintenance of AT. Recommendations include server clock synchronization, using advanced AT visualization tools, using also real-time auditing tools, and periodically audit the access to all data of a random patient.

Abstract
Although IT governance practices (like ITIL, which recommends on the use of audit logs for proper service level management) are being introduced in many Hospitals to cope with increasing levels of information quality and safety requirements, the standard maturity levels of hospital IT departments is still not enough to reach the level of frequent use of audit logs. This paper aims to address the issues related to the existence of AT in patient records, describe the Hospitals scenario and to produce recommendations. Representatives from four hospitals were interviewed regarding the use of AT in their Hospital IS. Very few AT are known to exist in these hospitals (average of 1 per hospital in an estimate of 21 existing IS). CIOs should to be much more concerned with the existence and maintenance of AT. Recommendations include server clock synchronization and using advanced log visualization tools.

Abstract
The use of computer systems to aid clinical decision making is growing. Besides clinical practice, computer applications, decision support systems or technologies can be used during dentistry and periodontology learning. A research was made using 30 searching expressions, based on MeSH Terms. A total of 17 articles were selected from the initial 249. Dental Students' Ability to Assess Gingival Health Status Software (DAAGS) and Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) are two examples of computer programs used in Priodontology learning. 3D technologies, electronic devices and image analysis systems are tools used during periodontal diagnosis. Dental informatics and periodontology are extremely connected, because, many systems, technologies or electronic devices could be used during diagnose, treatment or pre-operative phase. Computer applications could also be used to improve learning skills during pre-clinical and clinical stages, and at same time other technologies as 3D can present more detailed data to clinician, leading to a correct decision.

Abstract
Currently, in radiotherapy (RT) departments, there are different manufacturers and stand-alone information systems (IS) for single-purpose applications. These systems have most of the data distributed through different IS. The DICOM-RT extension has six objects that provide a standardized way of transferring the information circulating in the external beam RT. The aim of this study is to assess expert's opinion about DICOM-RT and IS interoperability in the RT context, through the characterization of Portuguese RT facilities, in terms of equipment and IS with the identification of existing interoperability problems. This study is cross-sectional, and the preliminary results presented in this paper are relative to the period May-July 2011. All Portuguese RT departments (i.e. 20) were invited to cooperate in the survey; the response rate was 40% (n=8), while 10% (n=2) of the institutions did not authorize the RT departments to participate. The preliminary results show that the RT departments have some equipment and IS from different vendors contributing for heterogeneity of RT workflows. The experts somehow attribute importance to interoperability, but have low knowledge about their own IS integrations, and DICOM-RT. Compliance with DICOM-RT is recommended when acquiring new RT IS to optimise the interoperability.

Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common cancer worldwide and a leading cause of death. Radiotherapy is usually the first-line treatment for patients with slow-growing cancer that is confined to the prostate. In Radiation Therapy Planning (RTP), the recognition and outlining of clinical volumes in computed tomography (CT) images are one of the most time-consuming steps carried out by human experts. The aim of this review is to identify and summarize evidence of the use of automatic organ delineation of CT images for radiotherapy planning in prostate cancer. From the literature search, a total of seven studies, reported between 1994 and 2009, were selected. We associate the selected studies in order to compare results, in spite of their differences in methodology and outcome evaluators. Most of the studies conclude that the automatic approach is faster, while having equivalent accuracy to manual method. Concerning the observer's variability, automatic segmentation reaches significant gains in reproducibility. As future directions, it is recommended the improvement of the segmentation algorithms in the delineation of problematic soft tissues and future validation studies with large scale trials and possible studies of meta-analysis in the specific problems.

Abstract
Mammographic databases play an important role in the development of algorithms aiming to improve Computer-Aided Detection and Diagnosis systems (CAD). However, these often do not take into consideration all the requirements needed for a proper study, previously discussed at the Biomedical Image Processing Meeting in 1993. Case selection and annotation requirements are the most commonly referenced in literature, when describing a database used for the development of such algorithms. This work aims to assess the compliance and suitability of case selection and annotation requirements in the publicly available mammographic databases for development and optimization of CADs. A literature review has been made, applying proper selection criteria related to the research question. In the literature, we found citations to 3 publicly available mammographic databases and ten having restricted access. Through the analysis of the results attained, we noticed that none of the two requirements previously described is on its way to be fully complied in mammographic databases. We can conclude that researchers need a database that fulfils all the mentioned requirements in order to develop efficacious and effective CAD systems. We also believe that the requirements, discussed in 1993, need to be reviewed and updated. New paradigms and ideas to increase algorithms' performance are needed in order to improve CAD schemes.