Abstract
In the past decades, the resource on the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) has grown rapidly, resulting in an overwhelming amount of solution procedures that provide (near)-optimal solutions in a reasonable time. Despite the rapid progress, little is still known what makes a project instance hard to solve. Inspired by a previous research study that has shown that even small instances with only up to 30 activities is sometimes hard to solve, the current study provides an analysis of the project data used in the academic literature. More precisely, it investigates the ability of four well-known resource indicators to predict the hardness of an RCPSP instance. The study introduces a new instance equivalence concept to show that instances might have very different values for their resource indicators without changing any possible solution for this instance. The concept is based on four theorems and a search algorithm that transforms existing instances into new equivalent instances with more compact resources. This algorithm illustrates that the use of resource indicators to predict the hardness of an instance is sometimes misleading. In a set of computational experiment on more than 10,000 instances, it is shown that the newly constructed equivalent instances have values for the resource indicators that are not only different than the values of the original instances, but also often are better in predicting the hardness the project instances. It is suggested that the new equivalent instances are used for further research to compare results on the new instances with results obtained from the original dataset.

Abstract
Project management is a critical success factor for any kind of project. When projects involve complex multi-organisational structures, requiring demanding collaborative processes, project management is a complex system in itself. Although this topic has been studied for decades, the ever-changing morphology of projects induced by the increasingly intricate financing schemes, call for a frequent and updated understanding of how the projects initiate, run, and close. Large-scale integrated collaborative projects are a recent example of complex collaborative projects that were not studied yet but can provide important insights for the project and innovation management fields. These projects are carried out typically by a large consortium including research organisations, sectorial technological centres, technology providers and end-user companies, having a significant impact on the technological innovation produced for a specific sector. This chapter reports a multiple case study of four large-scale integrated projects, in Portugal, following an inductive research design. The results showed that collaboration creation and collaboration management are crucial processes for such projects, with challenges intensified by the differences in goals and expectations of researchers and practitioners. The chapter will hopefully contribute to the future development of new models, tools and techniques that will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of this type of projects, by providing a systematisation of the challenges faced and how they were overcome during the cases analysed. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Abstract
Designing a viable carsharing system in a competitive environment is challenging and often dependent on a myriad of decisions. This paper establishes and presents an integrated conceptual decision-support framework for carsharing systems, encompassing critical decisions that should be made by carsharing organizations and users. To identify the main decisions in a carsharing system, and the inputs and interactions among them, it is crucial to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the literature as well as the business practices and context. To this aim, a holistic and in-depth literature review is conducted to structure distinct streams of literature and their main findings. Then, we describe some of the key decisions and business practices that are often oversimplified in the literature. Finally, we propose a conceptual decision-support framework that systematizes the interactions between the usually isolated problems in the academic literature and business practices, integrating the perspectives of carsharing organizations and of their users. From the proposed framework, we identify relevant research gaps and ways to bridge them in the future, toward more realistic and applicable research.

Abstract
The widespread adoption of digital technology tied with the 4th industrial revolution means the complete reinvention of how business is done. Digital Twin (DT) technologies are now a key technology trend that is already being developed and commercialized to optimize numerous manufacturing processes. In this paper, and from an Information Systems (IS) discipline viewpoint, we take stock of the different technological visions of the DT in manufacturing. We leverage this summary as a stepping stone for discussing the DT's sociotechnical design implications by pointing how this approach is essential for the design of DT software that is specific to its environment and users and co-evolves with it. Furthermore, we present our vision for a DT-based Digital Platform that can support product design and life-cycle management while generating value through an ecosystem of twin-driven product-service systems. Lastly, we show how the Transformer 4.0 project will demonstrate the main principle of our vision by placing the DT of the power transformer with the dual role of virtual counterpart of the physical product and as the architectural framework for (i) managing and processing the historical data collected from the multiple working instances of DTs, and (ii) managing and integrating design information (models, specifications, design data, among others). Copyright (C) 2021 The Authors.

Abstract
The impact of digital technologies in manufacturing organizations has been felt for decades. Servitization processes themselves have developed from the traditional Product-Service Systems (PSS) toward new business models infused with digital technologies, paving the way to smart PSS. There is, however, a lack of understanding of how digital platforms (DP) can be leveraged for the offering of smart service offerings. In this paper, we highlight how the emergence of DP traces the evolution of PSS and highlight how a platform-based modular architecture can serve as the reference infrastructure for organizations to deliver smart and highly customized products and services. The architecture of the Transformer 4.0 platform is used to demonstrate how DP can serve as orchestrators for an ecosystem of digital twin-driven smart PSS.

Abstract
The multiplicity of stakeholders in urban contexts can greatly increase the complexity of transportation systems. Since all stakeholders depend, to varying degrees, on the same data to get the information for their mobility, this work considers that an integrated information system, focused on their different needs, will significantly improve the efficiency of transportation systems. A stakeholder-focused system makes the provided information more relevant, while an integrated system fosters the sharing of the data that generates this information. To build such a system, a conceptual framework focused on stakeholders and their decision processes was developed. This new framework takes advantage of existing ones, such as the Zachman framework, the Enterprise Architecture Design, and the Multilevel Service Design. The proposed multidisciplinary approach, putting together information systems (IS) and service design concepts, has considerable potential in ensuring that the right information reaches each stakeholder at the right time.