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2012
Autores
Romao, X; Goncalves, R; Costa, A; Delgado, R;
Publicação
Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions
Abstract
2012
Autores
Romao, X; Goncalves, R; Costa, A; Delgado, R;
Publicação
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Abstract
A probabilistic framework is defined to evaluate the values of the Confidence Factors (CFs) proposed in Eurocode 8 Part 3 (EC8-3) for the characterization of material properties. This evaluation is presented for the concrete compressive strength but its validity for other material properties can also be inferred from the results obtained. The number of material tests and the existence of prior knowledge are the essential aspects for the CF quantification. The probabilistic framework proposed in the first part of the study does not consider the existence of prior knowledge and is based on the concept of confidence intervals. In the second part of the study, the effects of prior knowledge are considered using a Bayesian framework. The combination of testing data obtained from different types of tests is also addressed as an extension of the referred Bayesian approach. Results indicate that the EC8-3 proposed CFs for KL1 and KL2 are adequate, but for KL3 it is suggested that a larger value should be used.
2012
Autores
Branco, MC; Delgado, C;
Publicação
Journal of Public Affairs
Abstract
This paper explores the role of corporate social responsibility and the reporting thereof in the fight against corruption. A special focus is laid on the international endeavors to improve transparency through reporting, and the paper elaborates extensively on the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the Global Reporting Initiative's (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. Voluntary initiatives, such as the UNGC, the OECD guidelines, and the GRI guidelines, are considered to play an important role in providing the trust-based informal social norms, without which markets and societies cannot function. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2012
Autores
Fonseca, TF; Cerveira, A; Mota, A;
Publicação
FOREST SYSTEMS
Abstract
The study addresses the special case of a management plan for maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in common lands. The study area refers to 4,432 ha of maritime pine stands in North Portugal (Perimetro Florestal do Barroso in the county of Ribeira de Pena), distributed among five common lands called baldio areas. Those lands are co-managed by the Official Forest Services and the local communities, essentially for timber production, using empirical guidance. As the current procedure does not guarantee the best thinning and clear-cutting scheduling, it was considered important to develop "easy-to-use" models, supported by optimization techniques, to be employed by the forest managers in the harvest planning of these communitarian forests. Planning of the thinning and clear-cutting operations involved certain conditions, such as: (1) the optimal age for harvesting; (2) the maximum stand density permitted; (3) the minimum volume to be cut; (4) the guarantee of incomes for each of the five baldios in at least a two year period; (5) balanced incomes during the length of the projection period. In order to evaluate the sustainability of the wood resources, a set of constraints lower bounding the average ending age was additionally tested. The problem was formulated as an integer linear programming model where the incomes from thinning and clear-cutting are maximized while considering the constraints mentioned above. Five major scenarios were simulated. The simplest one allows for silvicultural constraints only, whereas the other four consider these constraints besides different management options. Two of them introduce joint management of all common areas with or without constraints addressing balanced distribution of incomes during the plan horizon, whilst the other two consider the same options but for individual management of the baldios. The proposed model is easy to apply, providing immediate advantages for short and mid-term planning periods compared to the empirical methods of harvest planning. Results showed that maximization of production is reached when there are silvicultural restrictions only and when forest management units are regarded as a joint undertaking. The individualized management with a balanced distribution of incomes is an interesting option as it does not drastically reduce the optimal solution while assuring benefits at least every two years.
2012
Autores
Osório, AM;
Publicação
B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics
Abstract
This paper studies frequent monitoring in an infinitely repeated game with imperfect public information and discounting, where players observe the state of a continuous time Brownian process at moments in time of length ?. It shows that a limit folk theorem can be achieved with imperfect public monitoring when players monitor each other at the highest frequency, i.e., 0. The approach assumes that the expected joint output depends exclusively on the action profile simultaneously and privately decided by the players at the beginning of each period of the game, but not on ?. The strong decreasing effect on the expected immediate gains from deviation when the interval between actions shrinks, and the associated increase precision of the public signals, make the result possible in the limit. © 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston 2012.
2012
Autores
Dunham, I; Kundaje, A; Aldred, SF; Collins, PJ; Davis, C; Doyle, F; Epstein, CB; Frietze, S; Harrow, J; Kaul, R; Khatun, J; Lajoie, BR; Landt, SG; Lee, BK; Pauli, F; Rosenbloom, KR; Sabo, P; Safi, A; Sanyal, A; Shoresh, N; Simon, JM; Song, L; Trinklein, ND; Altshuler, RC; Birney, E; Brown, JB; Cheng, C; Djebali, S; Dong, XJ; Dunham, I; Ernst, J; Furey, TS; Gerstein, M; Giardine, B; Greven, M; Hardison, RC; Harris, RS; Herrero, J; Hoffman, MM; Iyer, S; Kellis, M; Khatun, J; Kheradpour, P; Kundaje, A; Lassmann, T; Li, QH; Lin, X; Marinov, GK; Merkel, A; Mortazavi, A; Parker, SCJ; Reddy, TE; Rozowsky, J; Schlesinger, F; Thurman, RE; Wang, J; Ward, LD; Whitfield, TW; Wilder, SP; Wu, W; Xi, HLS; Yip, KY; Zhuang, JL; Bernstein, BE; Birney, E; Dunham, I; Green, ED; Gunter, C; Snyder, M; Pazin, MJ; Lowdon, RF; Dillon, LAL; Adams, LB; Kelly, CJ; Zhang, J; Wexler, JR; Green, ED; Good, PJ; Feingold, EA; Bernstein, BE; Birney, E; Crawford, GE; Dekker, J; Elnitski, L; Farnham, PJ; Gerstein, M; Giddings, MC; Gingeras, TR; Green, ED; Guigo, R; Hardison, RC; Hubbard, TJ; Kellis, M; Kent, WJ; Lieb, JD; Margulies, EH; Myers, RM; Snyder, M; Stamatoyannopoulos, JA; Tenenbaum, SA; Weng, ZP; White, KP; Wold, B; Khatun, J; Yu, Y; Wrobel, J; Risk, BA; Gunawardena, HP; Kuiper, HC; Maier, CW; Xie, L; Chen, X; Giddings, MC; Bernstein, BE; Epstein, CB; Shoresh, N; Ernst, J; Kheradpour, P; Mikkelsen, TS; Gillespie, S; Goren, A; Ram, O; Zhang, XL; Wang, L; Issner, R; Coyne, MJ; Durham, T; Ku, M; Truong, T; Ward, LD; Altshuler, RC; Eaton, ML; Kellis, M; Djebali, S; Davis, CA; Merkel, A; Dobin, A; Lassmann, T; Mortazavi, A; Tanzer, A; Lagarde, J; Lin, W; Schlesinger, F; Xue, CH; Marinov, GK; Khatun, J; Williams, BA; Zaleski, C; Rozowsky, J; Roeder, M; Kokocinski, F; Abdelhamid, RF; Alioto, T; Antoshechkin, I; Baer, MT; Batut, P; Bell, I; Bell, K; Chakrabortty, S; Chen, X; Chrast, J; Curado, J; Derrien, T; Drenkow, J; Dumais, E; Dumais, J; Duttagupta, R; Fastuca, M; Fejes Toth, K; Ferreira, P; Foissac, S; Fullwood, MJ; Gao, H; Gonzalez, D; Gordon, A; Gunawardena, HP; Howald, C; Jha, S; Johnson, R; Kapranov, P; King, B; Kingswood, C; Li, GL; Luo, OJ; Park, E; Preall, JB; Presaud, K; Ribeca, P; Risk, BA; Robyr, D; Ruan, XA; Sammeth, M; Sandhu, KS; Schaeffer, L; See, LH; Shahab, A; Skancke, J; Suzuki, AM; Takahashi, H; Tilgner, H; Trout, D; Walters, N; Wang, HE; Wrobel, J; Yu, YB; Hayashizaki, Y; Harrow, J; Gerstein, M; Hubbard, TJ; Reymond, A; Antonarakis, SE; Hannon, GJ; Giddings, MC; Ruan, YJ; Wold, B; Carninci, P; Guigo, R; Gingeras, TR; Rosenbloom, KR; Sloan, CA; Learned, K; Malladi, VS; Wong, MC; Barber, G; Cline, MS; Dreszer, TR; Heitner, SG; Karolchik, D; Kent, WJ; Kirkup, VM; Meyer, LR; Long, JC; Maddren, M; Raney, BJ; Furey, TS; Song, LY; Grasfeder, LL; Giresi, PG; Lee, BK; Battenhouse, A; Sheffield, NC; Simon, JM; Showers, KA; Safi, A; London, D; Bhinge, AA; Shestak, C; Schaner, MR; Kim, SK; Zhang, ZZZ; Mieczkowski, PA; Mieczkowska, JO; Liu, Z; McDaniell, RM; Ni, YY; Rashid, NU; Kim, MJ; Adar, S; Zhang, ZC; Wang, TY; Winter, D; Keefe, D; Birney, E; Iyer, VR; Lieb, JD; Crawford, GE; Li, GL; Sandhu, KS; Zheng, MZ; Wang, P; Luo, OJ; Shahab, A; Fullwood, MJ; Ruan, XA; Ruan, YJ; Myers, RM; Pauli, F; Williams, BA; Gertz, J; Marinov, GK; Reddy, TE; Vielmetter, J; Partridge, EC; Trout, D; Varley, KE; Gasper, C; Bansal, A; Pepke, S; Jain, P; Amrhein, H; Bowling, KM; Anaya, M; Cross, MK; King, B; Muratet, MA; Antoshechkin, I; Newberry, KM; Mccue, K; Nesmith, AS; Fisher Aylor, KI; Pusey, B; DeSalvo, G; Parker, SL; Balasubramanian, S; Davis, NS; Meadows, SK; Eggleston, T; Gunter, C; Newberry, JS; Levy, SE; Absher, DM; Mortazavi, A; Wong, WH; Wold, B; Blow, MJ; Visel, A; Pennachio, LA; Elnitski, L; Margulies, EH; Parker, SCJ; Petrykowska, HM; Abyzov, A; Aken, B; Barrell, D; Barson, G; Berry, A; Bignell, A; Boychenko, V; Bussotti, G; Chrast, J; Davidson, C; Derrien, T; Despacio Reyes, G; Diekhans, M; Ezkurdia, I; Frankish, A; Gilbert, J; Gonzalez, JM; Griffiths, E; Harte, R; Hendrix, DA; Howald, C; Hunt, T; Jungreis, I; Kay, M; Khurana, E; Kokocinski, F; Leng, J; Lin, MF; Loveland, J; Lu, Z; Manthravadi, D; Mariotti, M; Mudge, J; Mukherjee, G; Notredame, C; Pei, BK; Rodriguez, JM; Saunders, G; Sboner, A; Searle, S; Sisu, C; Snow, C; Steward, C; Tanzer, A; Tapanari, E; Tress, ML; van Baren, MJ; Walters, N; Washietl, S; Wilming, L; Zadissa, A; Zhang, ZD; Brent, M; Haussler, D; Kellis, M; Valencia, A; Gerstein, M; Reymond, A; Guigo, R; Harrow, J; Hubbard, TJ; Landt, SG; Frietze, S; Abyzov, A; Addleman, N; Alexander, RP; Auerbach, RK; Balasubramanian, S; Bettinger, K; Bhardwaj, N; Boyle, AP; Cao, AR; Cayting, P; Charos, A; Cheng, Y; Cheng, C; Eastman, C; Euskirchen, G; Fleming, JD; Grubert, F; Habegger, L; Hariharan, M; Harmanci, A; Iyengar, S; Jin, VX; Karczewski, KJ; Kasowski, M; Lacroute, P; Lam, H; Lamarre Vincent, N; Leng, J; Lian, J; Lindahl Allen, M; Min, RQ; Miotto, B; Monahan, H; Moqtaderi, Z; Mu, XMJ; O'Geen, H; Ouyang, ZQ; Patacsil, D; Pei, BK; Raha, D; Ramirez, L; Reed, B; Rozowsky, J; Sboner, A; Shi, MY; Sisu, C; Slifer, T; Witt, H; Wu, LF; Xu, XQ; Yan, KK; Yang, XQ; Yip, KY; Zhang, ZD; Struhl, K; Weissman, SM; Gerstein, M; Farnham, PJ; Snyder, M; Tenenbaum, SA; Penalva, LO; Doyle, F; Karmakar, S; Landt, SG; Bhanvadia, RR; Choudhury, A; Domanus, M; Ma, LJ; Moran, J; Patacsil, D; Slifer, T; Victorsen, A; Yang, XQ; Snyder, M; White, KP; Auer, T; Centanin, L; Eichenlaub, M; Gruhl, F; Heermann, S; Hoeckendorf, B; Inoue, D; Kellner, T; Kirchmaier, S; Mueller, C; Reinhardt, R; Schertel, L; Schneider, S; Sinn, R; Wittbrodt, B; Wittbrodt, J; Weng, ZP; Whitfield, TW; Wang, J; Collins, PJ; Aldred, SF; Trinklein, ND; Partridge, EC; Myers, RM; Dekker, J; Jain, G; Lajoie, BR; Sanyal, A; Balasundaram, G; Bates, DL; Byron, R; Canfield, TK; Diegel, MJ; Dunn, D; Ebersol, AK; Frum, T; Garg, K; Gist, E; Hansen, RS; Boatman, L; Haugen, E; Humbert, R; Jain, G; Johnson, AK; Johnson, EM; Kutyavin, TV; Lajoie, BR; Lee, K; Lotakis, D; Maurano, MT; Neph, SJ; Neri, FV; Nguyen, ED; Qu, HZ; Reynolds, AP; Roach, V; Rynes, E; Sabo, P; Sanchez, ME; Sandstrom, RS; Sanyal, A; Shafer, AO; Stergachis, AB; Thomas, S; Thurman, RE; Vernot, B; Vierstra, J; Vong, S; Wang, H; Weaver, MA; Yan, YQ; Zhang, MH; Akey, JM; Bender, M; Dorschner, MO; Groudine, M; MacCoss, MJ; Navas, P; Stamatoyannopoulos, G; Kaul, R; Dekker, J; Stamatoyannopoulos, JA; Dunham, I; Beal, K; Brazma, A; Flicek, P; Herrero, J; Johnson, N; Keefe, D; Lukk, M; Luscombe, NM; Sobral, D; Vaquerizas, JM; Wilder, SP; Batzoglou, S; Sidow, A; Hussami, N; Kyriazopoulou Panagiotopoulou, S; Libbrecht, MW; Schaub, MA; Kundaje, A; Hardison, RC; Miller, W; Giardine, B; Harris, RS; Wu, W; Bickel, PJ; Banfai, B; Boley, NP; Brown, JB; Huang, HY; Li, QH; Li, JJ; Noble, WS; Bilmes, JA; Buske, OJ; Hoffman, MM; Sahu, AD; Kharchenko, PV; Park, PJ; Baker, D; Taylor, J; Weng, ZP; Iyer, S; Dong, XJ; Greven, M; Lin, XY; Wang, J; Xi, HLS; Zhuang, JL; Gerstein, M; Alexander, RP; Balasubramanian, S; Cheng, C; Harmanci, A; Lochovsky, L; Min, R; Mu, XMJ; Rozowsky, J; Yan, KK; Yip, KY; Birney, E;
Publicação
NATURE
Abstract
The human genome encodes the blueprint of life, but the function of the vast majority of its nearly three billion bases is unknown. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project has systematically mapped regions of transcription, transcription factor association, chromatin structure and histone modification. These data enabled us to assign biochemical functions for 80% of the genome, in particular outside of the well-studied protein-coding regions. Many discovered candidate regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and with expressed genes, providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation. The newly identified elements also show a statistical correspondence to sequence variants linked to human disease, and can thereby guide interpretation of this variation. Overall, the project provides new insights into the organization and regulation of our genes and genome, and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for biomedical research.
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