Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the metabolism of alcohol is altered following bariatric surgery. However, few studies have evaluated preoperative and postoperative alcohol use. The aims of the study were to characterize alcohol use in the preoperative period and 2 years postoperatively as well as to identify factors associated. A study was conducted using data from the electronic charts of patients submitted to laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in the city of Porto, Portugal. Associations with the following variables were analyzed: age, marital status, schooling, alcohol use, body mass index, binge eating disorder, and lifestyle habits. Among the 659 patients, 42.0 % completed the 2 years of follow-up. A total of 90.2 % were women; 67.4 % underwent LAGB, and 32.6 % underwent RYGB. The frequency of alcohol use was 24.2 % in the preoperative period and 9.4 % in the postoperative period (p = 0.000). Daily alcohol intake was two drinks in the preoperative period and 1.8 drinks in the postoperative period. Significant associations were found between postoperative alcohol use and the male gender (p = 0.001), age a parts per thousand yen45 years (p = 0.018), and preoperative BMI < 40 kg/m(2) (p = 0.028). No significant associations were found with the surgical technique. No previous nondrinkers became drinkers, and no patients increased the quantity or frequency of alcohol intake in the postoperative period. The prevalence of alcohol use in the sample was low. Moreover, a lower prevalence rate was found in the postoperative period, independently of surgical technique, clinical factors, and percentage of weight loss.

Abstract
Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a useful indicator of nutrition status in adults, but evidence is lacking in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to describe the association between undernutrition and HGS in pediatric patients at hospital admission, quantifying the modifying effect of disease severity, anthropometrics, and other patient characteristics on HGS. Materials and Methods: Eighty-nine inpatients aged >= 6 years consecutively admitted were recruited in a longitudinal study. Nutrition status was evaluated using body mass index (BMI) z scores, and HGS was evaluated at admission and discharge. Results: In the total sample, 30.3% of patients were undernourished at admission, and 64% lost HGS during the hospital stay. This study showed that HGS at admission was independently associated with undernutrition defined by BMI z scores (beta = 0.256, P = .037). In this multivariate analysis, sex, age, height, and BMI z scores explained 67.1% of HGS at hospital admission. Conclusion: Lower HGS may be a potential marker of undernutrition in hospitalized pediatric patients, although HGS data should be interpreted according to sex, age, and height of the patient.

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Abstract
Our main aim was to compare eating behaviour between Portuguese undergraduate nutrition students and students attending other courses. Several eating behaviour dimensions were compared between 154 nutrition students and 263 students from other areas. Emotional and external eating were assessed by the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, dietary restraint was measured using the flexible and rigid control of eating behaviour subscales, binge eating was measured using the Binge Eating Scale, and eating self-efficacy using the General Eating Self-Efficacy Scale. Higher levels of flexible and rigid control were found in nutrition students from both sexes when compared to students from other courses. Female nutrition students also presented higher binge eating levels than their colleagues from other courses. To our knowledge no other work has previously assessed all eating behaviour dimensions considered in the current study among nutrition students. Besides the results by themselves, the data obtained from this study provide several clues to further studies to be developed regarding the still rarely approached issue of eating behaviour among nutrition students.

Abstract
Our aim was to determine prototypical patterns of eating behaviour among Portuguese higher education students, and to relate these patterns with BMI. Data from 280 higher education students (63.2% females) aged between 18 and 27 years were analysed. Several eating behaviour dimensions (emotional and external eating, flexible and rigid restraint, binge eating, and eating self-efficacy) were assessed, and eating styles were derived through cluster analysis. BMI for current, desired and maximum self-reported weights and the differences between desired and current BMI and between maximum and current BMI were calculated. Women scored higher in emotional eating and restraint, whereas men showed higher eating self-efficacy. Men had higher current, desired and maximum BMI. Cluster analysis showed three eating styles in both male and female subsamples: "Overeating", "High self-efficacy" and "High restraint". High self-efficacy women showed lower BMI values than the others, and restrictive women had higher lost BMI. High self-efficacy men showed lower desired BMI than overeaters, and lower maximum and lost BMI than highly restrictive ones. Restrictive women and men differ on important eating behaviour features, which may be the cause of differences in the associations with BMI. Eating self-efficacy seems to be a central variable influencing the relationships between other eating behaviour dimensions and BMI.