Abstract

Abstract
The increasing growing need for optimization of transportation in a sustainable and green environment is fundamental for the future of mobility. Companies, governments, and non-governmental institutions are trying to find new ways to contribute to this challenge. The main goal of this Special Issue was to integrate the most recent advances in transportation that connect the hybrid point of view. In particular, key contributions integrate several interesting topics related to earning algorithms for the integration of passengers and goods, gamification techniques, semantic data, blockchain, and edge computing. Other topics in urban mobility, railway, and highways were considered, and hot topics on shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) brought huge value. It is revealed that connected and autonomous vehicle technology and services for the mobility of people and goods in mixed-mode environments can improve efficiency, safety, and cleanliness.

Abstract
Modern mobile ticketing service solutions facilitate access to mobility services and free customers from difficult purchasing decisions. However, implementing these solutions is complex, as they involve many different stakeholders, with sometimes conflicting interests. This paper presents a survey of mobile ticketing services in the urban mobility context. It starts by defining mobile ticketing and explores the different electronic ticket schemes that are being implemented around the world, as well as the most used technologies to provide the service. Then, it addresses the complex mobile ticketing ecosystem, identifying the main actors involved, their motivations, and concerns. This allows the authors to define their role and contribution to the mobile ticketing ecosystem. Finally, the paper presents future trends and research directions related to mobile ticketing services, being a valuable guide for researchers and practitioners.

Abstract
Mobile ticketing services allow urban transport passengers to travel in a convenient and easy way, enhancing their travelling experience. In recent years several mobile ticketing services have started to be developed and launched, but there is still a lot to be done in terms of its effectiveness, efficiency and innovation. This paper presents a micro-location mobile ticketing solution based on Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technologies, called Anda. This solution is based on a check-in/be-out scheme and requires the minimum intervention from the passenger. It is really innovative in the urban transport field, as it takes advantage of BLE technology not usually used for this purpose, it is based on a concept of post-billing with a fare optimization algorithm associated and it allows the micro-location of passengers throughout their journeys. This paper details the architecture of the solution and its mode of operation. It also presents the evaluation methodology that was followed during the pilot trial that took place in the Metropolitan Area of Porto (AMP), Portugal, during one year with 140 real passengers. A set of design lessons were identified as a result of the field tests and materialized in five mobile ticketing design dimensions, constituting important contributions to the design of future mobile ticketing services. Anda was commercially deployed in the AMP in 2018 and is used by thousands of passengers every day.

Abstract
The tourism sector has been facing continuous growth. It plays a vital role in countries' economic development, highlighting the need to keep nurturing it by making it easier and more attractive. This paper presents Tourism as a Service - an innovative concept that aims to ease a day in the life of a tourist by integrating services that might be found spread out through separate tools and services, including ticketing in public transport and touristic attractions, route planning, information, among others. First, focus groups were done in order to understand the users' needs regarding the use of a mobile ticketing solution in tourism. The findings from the literature reviewed and the previous step were then prioritized by relevance in a questionnaire sent to potential users, allowing the creation of a medium-fidelity prototype. The validation through usability testing confirmed an interest in the proposed solution. The critical design choices surrounding the proposed solution were discussed along with improvements and further work to be done.

Abstract
This work proposes an architecture to treat georeferenced data from the OpenStreetMap to plan routes. The methodology considers the following steps: collecting data, incorporating data into a data manager, importing data into a data model, executing routing algorithms, and visualizing routes. Our proposal incorporates the following features characterizing each street segment: safety & security, comfort, accessibility, air quality, time, and distance. Routes can be calculated considering any specified weighting system of these features. The outcome of the application of this architecture allows to calculate and visualize routes from georeferenced data, which can support researchers in the study of multi-criteria routes. Furthermore, this framework enhances the OSM data model adding a multi-criteria dimension for route planning.