Abstract
Social networks are a recent phenomenon of communication, with a high prevalence of young users. This concept serves as a motto for a multidisciplinary project, which aims to create a simple communication network, using light as the transmission medium. Mixed team, composed by students from secondary and higher education schools, are partners on the development of an optical transceiver. A LED lamp array and a small photodiode are the optical transmitter and receiver, respectively. Using several transceivers aligned with each other, this configuration creates a ring communication network, enabling the exchange of messages between users. Through this project, some concepts addressed in physics classes from secondary schools (e.g. photoelectric phenomena and the properties of light) are experimentally verified and used to communicate, in a classroom or a laboratory.

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview on European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) activities related to opportunistic spectrum sharing technology with a specific focus on (TV) white spaces. Key use cases are outlined and a novel approach for a coordinated and an uncoordinated approach for accessing the spectrum resource is given. A spectrum coordinator is indeed introduced in order to handle resource management. Furthermore, database system design and inter-database communication solutions are discussed as they are introduced by ETSI. Finally, various sensing mechanisms are detailed, which allow to monitor the radio environment and to feed decision-making components correspondingly. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Abstract
This paper presents a counting system project for the Naturtejo Global Geopark, which is structured in two phases. The objective of the first phase was to develop, install and test an electronic system able to remotely count the number of visitors on the Naturtejo Geopark walking routes and touristic sites. The data is reported through a web interface. A Pilot test is currently installed on Trail PR3 – “Fossil’s Route”, near the village of Penha Garcia. Since May 2015, more than 6000 tourists where monitored. The second phase of the project aims to track tourists based on the detection of Wi-Fi signals generated by their smartphones. Thanks to data mining algorithms, useful insights can be extracted that helps to understand the behaviour of tourists when they travel around the large territory of the Geopark.

Abstract

Abstract
This book chapter proposes a description of smart gateways and cyber-physical systems (CPS) for the industrial internet of things (I-IOT). It also presents a case study where a smart gateway is developed to be used in different types of industrial equipment for the shop floor. The case study is developed under the specifications of different industries in the region of Castelo Branco. It is a proof that the 4th industrial revolution will be the engine for SME innovation, independence of the regions and their financial strength. It is also proof that the cooperation between universities, industries and startups can evolve to break barriers and add value in the improvement of regional industries competitiveness. Topics that will be addressed on the chapter can be used for developers, students, researchers and enthusiasts to learn topics related to I-IOT, such as data acquisitions systems, wired and wireless communication devices and protocols, OPC servers and LabVIEW programming.

Abstract
The increasing acceptance of WiFi has created unprecedented levels of congestion in the unlicensed frequency bands, especially in densely populated areas. This results mainly because of the unmanaged interference and uncoordinated operation between WiFi access points. Radio Environment Maps (REM) have been suggested as a support for coordination strategies that optimize the overall WiFi network performance. In this context, the main objective of this experiment is to assess the benefit of a coordinated management of radio resources in dense WiFi networks at 5 GHz band, using REMs for indoor scenarios. It was shown that REMs can detect the presence of interfering links on the network or coverage holes, and a suitable coordination strategy can use this information to reconfigure Access Points (AP) channel assignment and re-establish the client connection, at a cost of diminishing the aggregate throughput of the network. The technique of AP hand-off was tested to balance the load from one AP to another. Using REMs, the Radio Resource Management (RRM) strategy could reconfigure the network to optimize the client distribution among available APs. Although the aggregate throughput is lower after load balancing, the RRM could increase the throughput of the overloaded AP. © 2018 IEEE.