Abstract
Integration of emerging energy resources in distribution level reveals new opportunities for decision makers to coordinate various energy vectors under the concept of multi-energy system (MES). In this paper, the behavior of a multi-energy player (MEP) who can trade more than one energy carrier to enhance operational flexibility of MES has been investigated. MEP participates in retail and wholesale energy markets to maximize its profit. The strategic behavior of MEP in these two markets is modeled as two synchronized bi-level problems. The problem is linearized and solved through CPLEX 12 solver. Numerical results show the behavior of MEP as a prosumer in the electricity market to make a smother demand and price profile. Moreover, the results reveal a mutual effect of local and wholesale equilibrium prices by increasing the market share of MEP.

Abstract
In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programing (MILP) model for characterizing the traffic behavior of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in an urban environment is proposed. The paper proposes the procedure to mathematically model the uncertain behavior of the PEVS. As the PEV's traffic pattern affects the potential of PEV parking lot (PL) in terms of available capacity and state of charge, the characterized PEVs are employed to provide the proper pricing schemes for the PEVs in PL. The results discuss the mutual effect of PEVs behavior on the profit of PL, as well as the effects of PL's tariffs on motivating PEVs to provide more flexibility for the PL. The results show that with a proper pricing scheme both parties (i.e., PEV owners and PL) can earn higher profits, while the charging requirements are met based on the preferences of the owners.

Abstract
The introduction of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the electrical system is bringing various challenges. One of the recent solutions to deploy the potentials of PEVs in the system is through PEV parking lots (PL). The PLs not only provide a place for the PEVs charging requirements, but also give the possibility of exploiting the vehicle-to-gird (V2G) potential of PEVs in a more efficient manner comparing to PEV aggregators. On the other hand, the V2G mode gives the reserve market possibility to the PL operator, which can be a source of income other than selling energy to the PEV owners. However, the willingness of participating in the V2G mode may be low due to exposing battery degradation and not sufficient departure state of charge (SOC). As a result, this study investigates the behavior of PL on deploying the V2G mode of PEVs in reserve market participation considering the PEVs' traffic behavior.

Abstract
In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programing (MIL?) model for the traffic behavior of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in a multi energy system (MES) is proposed. It is assumed that two micro-MESs are covering two traffic zones with different consumption patterns. The difference between these two micro-MESs is not only the different multi energy demand (MED) they provide, but also different PEV traffic pattern that travel in these two micro-MESs. The PEVs traffic pattern and their behavior in using parking lot (PL) or charging station (CS) as their charging places is integrated in the MES operation model. The results demonstrate an improved strategy of the MES operator in using its components, such as combined heat and power (CHP) unit and auxiliary boiler (AB), in response to extra added load of the PEVs. The stochastic behavior of the PEVs is implemented in the model through various scenarios of arrival and departure. © 2016 IEEE.

Abstract
In recent years, in addition to the traditional aspects concerning efficiency and profitability, the energy sector is facing new challenges given by environmental issues, security of supply, and the increasing role of the local demand. Therefore, the researchers have developed new decision-making frameworks enabling higher local integration of distributed energy resources (DER). In this context, new energy players appeared in the retail markets, increasing the level of competition on the demand side. In this paper, a multienergy player (MEP) is defined, which behaves as a DER aggregator between the wholesale energy market and a number of local energy systems (LES). The MEP and the LES have to find a long-term equilibrium in the multienergy retail market, in which they are interrelated through the price signals. To achieve this goal, in this paper the decision-making conflict between the market players is represented through a bilevel model, in which the decision variables of the MEP at the upper level are parameters for the decision-making problem at the lower level (for the individual LES). The problem is transformed into a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints by implementing duality theory, which is solved with the CPLEX 12 solver. The numerical results show the different MEP behavior in various conditions that impact on the total flexibility of the energy system.

Abstract
This paper addresses the location of parking lots (PLs) to be used for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) by using a probabilistic traffic model and taking into account the PL participation in electricity markets. The PLs are used both for grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid. The system includes private or public charging stations only used for PEV charging. The traffic model considers the partitioning of the territory into areas. The case study is based on traffic and market data referring to Italy.