Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) imaging has now a well-established position in the subject of spectral imaging, leveraging multi-element detection capabilities and fast acquisition rates to support applications both at academic and technological levels. In current applications, the standard processing pipeline to explore LIBS imaging data sets revolves around identifying an element that is suspected to exist within the sample and generating maps based on its characteristic emission lines. Such an approach requires some previous expert knowledge both on the technique and on the sample side, which hinders a wider and more transparent accessibility of the LIBS imaging technique by non-specialists. To address this issue, techniques based on visual analysis or peak finding algorithms are applied on the average or maximum spectrum, and may be employed for automatically identifying relevant spectral regions. Yet, maps containing relevant information may often be discarded due to low signal-to-noise ratios or interference with other elements. In this context, this work presents an agnostic processing pipeline based on a spatial information ratio metric that is computed in the Fourier space for each wavelength and that allows for the identification of relevant spectral ranges in LIBS. The results suggest a more robust and streamlined approach to feature extraction in LIBS imaging compared with traditional inspection of the spectra, which can introduce novel opportunities not only for spectral data analysis but also in the field of data compression.

Abstract
Although the concept of Circular Economy (CE) has become popular in recent years, the transition towards a CE system requires a change in consumers' behaviour. However, there is still limited knowledge of consumers' efforts in CE initiatives. The present paper aims to analyse and compare consumers' behaviour towards circular approaches and compare the results on items like generation and demographics. 495 answers were collected through a questionnaire from 3 countries (Albania, Poland, and Portugal). Data collected was analysed mainly through a Crosstabs analysis to identify associations or different behaviours regarding nationality, gender, generation, education, and place of residence. From the paper's findings, we can emphasise that residents of EU countries seem to be more aware of the concept of circular economy. However, price is still a very important factor for EU residents when it comes to deciding on a greener purchase. Albanians (non-EU residents) tend to take a more linear approach when it comes to purchasing a new product regardless of its cost. Regarding the Digital Product Passport, a tool proposed by the European Commission through its Circular Economy Action Plan, non-EU residents have a better understanding of the concept. This tool seems to be more relevant for Millennials and Generation X. Generation Z, i.e., the tech generation, does not show an overwhelming propensity for technological options, such as online buying and digital technologies for a greener society.

Abstract
This study develops some sustainable tourism advertising effects and consumer environmental awareness-raising and examines them by advertising certification and advertising format in a field experiment. The tourism advertising effects are analyzed by five dependent variables: trust and credibility, environmentalism, ad relevance, realism, and flow. Several ANOVA and multiple comparison tests were performed to understand whether these variables varied between groups. Experimental research findings indicate that flow and video format affect tourism advertising and consumer environmental awareness-raising. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the concept of sustainable tourism and awareness-raising. It also points to identifying the best communication strategies to promote a sustainable destination, as different communication methods may lead to different results. In addition, it provides valuable information for marketers to consider when implementing their communication strategies. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Abstract
Recent advances in optical trapping have opened new opportunities for manipulating micro and nanoparticles, establishing optical tweezers (OT) as a powerful tool for single-cell analysis. Furthermore, intelligent systems have been developed to characterize these particles, as information about their size and composition can be extracted from the scattered radiation signal. In this manuscript, we aim to explore the potential of optical tweezers for the characterization of sub-micron size variations in microparticles. We devised a case study, aiming to assess the limits of the size discrimination ability of an optical tweezer system, using transparent 4.8 µm PMMA particles, functionalized with streptavidin. We focused on the heavily studied streptavidin-biotin system, with streptavidin-functionalized PMMA particles targeting biotinylated bovine serum albumin. This binding process results in an added molecular layer to the particle’s surface, increasing its radius by approximately 7 nm. An automatic OT system was used to trap the particles and acquire their forward-scattered signals. Then, the signals’ frequency components were analyzed using the power spectral density method followed by a dimensionality reduction via the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection algorithm. Finally, a Random Forest Classifier achieved a mean accuracy of 94% for the distinction of particles with or without the added molecular layer. Our findings demonstrate the ability of our technique to discriminate between particles that are or are not bound to the biotin protein, by detecting nanoscale changes in the size of the microparticles. This indicates the possibility of coupling shape-changing bioaffinity tools (such as APTMERS, Molecular Imprinted Polymers, or antibodies) with optical trapping systems to enable optical tweezers with analytical capability. © 2024 SPIE.

Abstract
The present study examines the impact of family ownership and control on the internationalization strategies of Portuguese manufacturing firms. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence that different forms of international market presence are asymmetrically influenced by family control and by underscoring the importance of innovative strategies. The analysis includes a sample of 25,533 firms observed from 2018 to 2021. Econometric models address the role of ownership in alternative internationalization endeavors, demonstrating that these firms differ from their non-family counterparts. By comparing the export propensity, intensity, and reach of family businesses to non-family businesses, the research sheds light on the challenges faced by family-owned firms and the significance of structural characteristics such as technological regimes and regional competitive advantages. The findings emphasize the negative impact of family presence on internationalization while highlighting the importance of innovation and ecosystem support. Additionally, the study contributes to the empirical refinement of firm classification by proposing a more reliable segmentation method. It also presents alternative econometric methods to appraise internationalization strategies better. Future research directions are suggested, particularly regarding the use of additional information related to innovation and human capital, offering insights for enhancing the global engagement of family businesses in global markets. This research provides valuable empirical evidence and practical implications for policymakers and practitioners seeking to support the required actions to promote the growth and internationalization of family businesses in the context of the Portuguese manufacturing industry.

Abstract
Knowledge of Social Engineering is crucial to prevent potential attacks related to organizational Information Security. The objective of this paper aims to identify the most common social engineering techniques, success attack factors, and obstacles, as well as the good practices and frameworks that could be adopted concerning their mitigation. As an analysis methodology, a Systematic Literature Review was carried out. The findings revealed that the discussion about SE attacks has increased and that the most imminent threat is phishing. Exploiting human vulnerabilities is a growing threat when the attack is not carried out directly through technical means. There continue to be more technical attacks than non-technical attacks. Encouraging organizational security prevention, like training, education, technical controls, process development, defense in detail, and the development of security policies, should be considered mitigating factors for the negative impact of SE attacks. Most SE frameworks/models are focused on attack techniques and methods, mostly on technical components, decorating human factor. As a novelty, we found the opportunity to develop a new framework that could improve coverage of the gaps found, supported on security international standards, that could help and support researchers in developing their work, understanding open research topics, and providing a clearer understanding of this type of threat. © 2024 by the authors. Licensee ESJ, Italy.